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Abstract
Fiqh al-Bi’ah constitutes a Shariah-based legal framework that guides human interaction with the natural environment in a sustainable manner, emphasising the role of humans as khalifah (steward) of Allah. This legal framework serves as an effective mechanism for addressing contemporary environmental challenges in the state of Pahang, such as solid waste management, flood disasters, deforestation, water piping systems, and other forms of environmental pollution. Therefore, this study aims to examine the application of Fiqh al-Bi’ah as a mechanism to ensure environmental sustainability through the integration of economic and technological approaches. This study adopts a qualitative research design by employing an inductive analysis of both primary and secondary sources. The findings reveal that the Fiqh al-Bi’ah approach offers an effective solution for preserving environmental sustainability in Pahang, grounded in the dharuriyyah principles of Maqasid al-Shariah, namely the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. Furthermore, the principles of Fiqh al-Bi’ah are compatible with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasise the sustainable management of natural resources to ensure their continued availability for present and future generations. The integration of Fiqh al-Bi’ah principles with innovation in the sector of economy and technology have the potential to serve as a holistic model of environmental management under the framework of Islamic Shariah. This literature-based analysis is expected to contribute to the development of practical and realistic ideas for formulating more sustainable environmental policies without marginalising the Shariah principles ordained by Allah SWT.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Azhar Jaafar , Nawaj Nadzri , Siti Jamilah Mohd Sukri, Norazman Lot, Ahmad Syahid Azalan , Khairunnisa Mohad Khazin , Mu'az Zakaria

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References
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- Aziz, N. (2019). Agricultural chemical usage and soil degradation in Malaysia. Dewan Akademik.
- Cahyo, S. (2011). Knowledge of the traditional ecology of the Orang Asli Jakun. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 15, 55–67.
- Dzulraidi, D. H. (2025). Analysis of fiqh al-bi'ah according to the perspective of maqasid al-sunnah and its application in the present context. Journal of Islamic Studies, 18(2), 1–17.
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- Hsiung, P. C. (2014). What is qualitative analysis. Lives and Legacies: A Guide to Qualitative Interviewing. http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~pchsiung/LAL?analysis/introduction
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- Istiani, M., & Purwanto, M. R. (2019). Fiqh bi'ah in the perspective of the Quran. At-Thullab: Journal of Islamic Studies Students, 1(1), 24–39.
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- Lee, C. K. (2022). Air quality and urban health in Malaysia. Asian Environmental Health Review, 5(3), 77–95.
- Lim, K. Y., Zakaria, N. A., & Foo, K. Y. (2020). Water quality assessment of urban catchment after the large-scale flood event: The worst natural tragedy at Pahang River, Malaysia. Desalination and Water Treatment, 175, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.24790
- Mahad Musa, Z. (2010). Fiqh al-bi'ah: The principle of human interaction with the environment. Sharia Journal, 18(1), 1–24.
- Mahfuzul, I. M., Aldrie, A. A., & Ara, B. R. (2022). Potential impact of coastal hazards: Case of Pahang, Malaysia. Disaster Advances, 15(2), 66–72.
- Manaf, N. N. A., Mahmud, N., Ahmad, H. F., Asrar, M. F. F., Nordin, N. F. H., & Khalid, N. S. (2024). Prevalence of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance of solid waste in a landfill. Current Science and Technology, 4(2), 1–10.
- Mansor, K. (2021). Natural resources and environmental assets in Pahang. Journal of Eco-Development Studies, 10(4), 88–104.
- Miles, M., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
- Mohd Faiz Mohamed Yusof, & Nurhanani Romli. (2019). Application of the Atlas.ti program in qualitative research of postgraduate studies in the field of Islamic studies: A preliminary proposal. Al-Hikmah, 11(1), 3–21.
- Mohd Rafi Mamat. (2020, June 13). Large-scale illegal logging activities were exposed. Harian Metro.
- Mohd Rafi Mamat. (2025, December 24). Floods in Pahang collected more than 300 tonnes of waste. Harian Metro.
- Mohd Sukri, S. J., Ahmad Fadzlillah, N., Mat Jubri @ Shamsuddin, M., & Abdul Rohman. (2022). Development of a framework on prohibition of adulterating surimi products with animal plasma: A qualitative research approach. Islamiyyat: The International Journal of Islamic Studies, 44(2).
- Nik Amirulmumin Nik Min. (2025, April 23). Pahang is studying opportunities for the adaptation of AI technology in the state's public sector. Sinar Harian.
- Noorazam, N. (2018, April 11). Development issues, the environment are the main focus of the people of Pahang. Astro Awani.
- Rahman, T. (2021). River pollution trends in Malaysia. Environmental Sustainability Journal, 7(1), 15–29.
- Saad, Z. (2023). Digital technologies and sustainable environmental management. Technology & Ecology Review, 4(1), 56–74.
- Saad, S. N. M., Wan Mohd Jaafar, W. S., Omar, H., Abdul Maulud, K. N., Muhmad Kamarulzaman, A. M., Adrah, E., Mohd Ghazali, N., & Mohan, M. (2023). Modeling carbon emissions of post-selective logging in the production forests of Ulu Jelai, Pahang, Malaysia. Remote Sensing, 15, 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041016
- Sulung, U., & Maspawi, M. (2021). Understand research data sources: Primary, secondary and tertiary. Journal of Edu Research, 2(2), 28–33.
- Waruwu, M. (2024). Qualitative research approach: Concepts, procedures, advantages and roles in the field of education. Affects: Journal of Educational Research and Evaluation, 5(2), 198–211.
- Yaacob, N. (2022). Mining activities and ecosystem stress in Pahang. Journal of Environmental Risk Analysis, 6(2), 101–119.
References
Abdullah, M. F., & Mohd Noor, A. (2019). Isu dan masalah bekalan air domestik pada PRU14 (The issue and problems of domestic water supply on GE2018). Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage, 3(1), 47–62. https://spaj.ukm.my/ajehh/index.php/ajehh/article/view/10
Abdul Rahman Abdullah. (2007). Philosophy and Methods of Thought. Utusan Publications & Distributors.
Addailamy binti Zainal Abidin, & Azriana binti Ridouan. (2019). Land encroachment in Cameron Highlands: A study. Jurnal al-Sirat, 18(1).
Adhania, P. V. (2023). The application of hifdzul bi'ah in the KUPI fatwa on the haram of environmental damage. An-Nawa: Journal of Islamic Studies, 5(2), 195–209.
Afiqah Azmira Rizuan, & Hannifah Tami. (2023). Construction Waste Management Practices at Construction Sites around Kuantan, Pahang in accordance with the Solid Waste Management and Public Cleaning Regulations 2007. Recent Trends in Civil Engineering and Built Environment, 4(1), 152–161.
Afyq Rukaini, & Mohd Ruzaini. (2021). Internet of things solar irrigation system [Undergraduate thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah]. https://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42491
Asrol, A. (2025, March 4). The Sultan of Pahang is worried about air pollution in Balok Baru, ordering outdoor activities to be stopped. Daily News. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2025/03/1368242/sultan-pahang-bimbang-pencemaran-udara-di-balok-baru-titahkan
Awang Noor Abd Ghani, M. T., Amir Hafidz, M., & Tuan Marina, T. I. (2008). Economic valuation of water for agriculture: The case of Cameron Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Forester, 71(2), 229–240.
Aziz, N. (2019). Agricultural chemical usage and soil degradation in Malaysia. Dewan Akademik.
Cahyo, S. (2011). Knowledge of the traditional ecology of the Orang Asli Jakun. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 15, 55–67.
Dzulraidi, D. H. (2025). Analysis of fiqh al-bi'ah according to the perspective of maqasid al-sunnah and its application in the present context. Journal of Islamic Studies, 18(2), 1–17.
Fathony, A., & Syafiqotunnafila. (2024). Environmentally friendly fiqh (fiqh bi'ah): The concept of sustainable development of environmentally friendly products. Qulubana: Journal of Da'wah Management, 5(2), 384–400.
Fazlhashemi, M. (2025). Islamic ecotheology. In S. Windsor & O. Franck (Eds.), Intersections of religion, education, and a sustainable world. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81809-7_3
Habibah Ahmad, Hamzah Jusoh, Mushrifah Idris, Amriah Buang, Nur Amirah Kamarus Zaman, Sri Winarni Samsir, & Ahmad Nazrin Aris Anuar. (2013). Empowerment of natural assets for tourism sustainability in the State of Pahang. Geography: Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 9(3), 80–94.
Hannibal, M. S. (2018). Fiqh al-bi'ah in the context of Islamic sustainable development. Malaysian Journal of Fiqh, 15(2), 1–20.
Hassan, S., & Roslan, M. (2020). Environmental governance challenges in Pahang. Journal of Malaysian Environmental Policy, 12(2), 45–60.
Hsiung, P. C. (2014). What is qualitative analysis. Lives and Legacies: A Guide to Qualitative Interviewing. http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~pchsiung/LAL?analysis/introduction
Ibrahim, F. (2018). Fiqh al-bi'ah: Shariah principles in environmental management. Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia.
Istiani, M., & Purwanto, M. R. (2019). Fiqh bi'ah in the perspective of the Quran. At-Thullab: Journal of Islamic Studies Students, 1(1), 24–39.
Jaafar @ Ramli, A., Azalan, A. S., Mohd Sukri, S. J., Nadzri, N., Lot, N., Muhammad, A., & Abdul Rahim, R. A. (2026). The epistemology of fiqh al-bi'ah as a component of fiqh al-watan. BITARA International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences, 9(1).
Jamaluddin, A., & Hashim, R. (2020). Deforestation and ecological impacts in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Forestry Studies, 8(1), 22–36.
Pahang State Department of Irrigation & Drainage. (2021). Pahang State Budget 2021: Irrigation & drainage.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2021). Pahang environmental statistics 2021.
Pahang State Forestry Department. (2016). General summary of the management plan of the State of Pahang (2016–2025).
Pahang State Government. (2024, August 1). Pahang is committed to developing clean energy sources to build environmental sustainability. https://www.pahang.gov.my/pahang/resources/PDF/Berita/2024/Ogos/(1HB)PAHANG_KOMITED_MAJUKAN_SUMBER_TENAGA_BERSIH_BINA_KELESTARIAN_ALAM_SEKITAR.pdf
Khuluq, M. K., & Asmuni. (2024). Hifz al-bi'ah as part of maqashid al-shari'ah and its relevance in the context of global climate change. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, 7(2), 162–178.
Lee, C. K. (2022). Air quality and urban health in Malaysia. Asian Environmental Health Review, 5(3), 77–95.
Lim, K. Y., Zakaria, N. A., & Foo, K. Y. (2020). Water quality assessment of urban catchment after the large-scale flood event: The worst natural tragedy at Pahang River, Malaysia. Desalination and Water Treatment, 175, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.24790
Mahad Musa, Z. (2010). Fiqh al-bi'ah: The principle of human interaction with the environment. Sharia Journal, 18(1), 1–24.
Mahfuzul, I. M., Aldrie, A. A., & Ara, B. R. (2022). Potential impact of coastal hazards: Case of Pahang, Malaysia. Disaster Advances, 15(2), 66–72.
Manaf, N. N. A., Mahmud, N., Ahmad, H. F., Asrar, M. F. F., Nordin, N. F. H., & Khalid, N. S. (2024). Prevalence of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance of solid waste in a landfill. Current Science and Technology, 4(2), 1–10.
Mansor, K. (2021). Natural resources and environmental assets in Pahang. Journal of Eco-Development Studies, 10(4), 88–104.
Miles, M., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Mohd Faiz Mohamed Yusof, & Nurhanani Romli. (2019). Application of the Atlas.ti program in qualitative research of postgraduate studies in the field of Islamic studies: A preliminary proposal. Al-Hikmah, 11(1), 3–21.
Mohd Rafi Mamat. (2020, June 13). Large-scale illegal logging activities were exposed. Harian Metro.
Mohd Rafi Mamat. (2025, December 24). Floods in Pahang collected more than 300 tonnes of waste. Harian Metro.
Mohd Sukri, S. J., Ahmad Fadzlillah, N., Mat Jubri @ Shamsuddin, M., & Abdul Rohman. (2022). Development of a framework on prohibition of adulterating surimi products with animal plasma: A qualitative research approach. Islamiyyat: The International Journal of Islamic Studies, 44(2).
Nik Amirulmumin Nik Min. (2025, April 23). Pahang is studying opportunities for the adaptation of AI technology in the state's public sector. Sinar Harian.
Noorazam, N. (2018, April 11). Development issues, the environment are the main focus of the people of Pahang. Astro Awani.
Rahman, T. (2021). River pollution trends in Malaysia. Environmental Sustainability Journal, 7(1), 15–29.
Saad, Z. (2023). Digital technologies and sustainable environmental management. Technology & Ecology Review, 4(1), 56–74.
Saad, S. N. M., Wan Mohd Jaafar, W. S., Omar, H., Abdul Maulud, K. N., Muhmad Kamarulzaman, A. M., Adrah, E., Mohd Ghazali, N., & Mohan, M. (2023). Modeling carbon emissions of post-selective logging in the production forests of Ulu Jelai, Pahang, Malaysia. Remote Sensing, 15, 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041016
Sulung, U., & Maspawi, M. (2021). Understand research data sources: Primary, secondary and tertiary. Journal of Edu Research, 2(2), 28–33.
Waruwu, M. (2024). Qualitative research approach: Concepts, procedures, advantages and roles in the field of education. Affects: Journal of Educational Research and Evaluation, 5(2), 198–211.
Yaacob, N. (2022). Mining activities and ecosystem stress in Pahang. Journal of Environmental Risk Analysis, 6(2), 101–119.
