Measuring an Interaction of Sexual Harassment and Employee Job Satisfaction
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Published:
Feb 25, 2020
Keywords:
Sexual Harassment, Job Satisfaction, Gender Harassment, Sexual Coercion, Unwanted Sexual Attention
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Abstract
Sexual harassment is an ongoing issue which unlikely to be reported by the employees who experienced. The sexual provocation towards employees are likely to be happened at the workplace despite the gender is. Previous studies revealed that, women in automotive industry are more likely to expose and experience sexual harassment as the proportion of women are less in this industry. This paper aims to investigate sexual harassment relation with employee job satisfaction. Questionnaires were distributed to employee in automotive industry in Malaysia. A total of 204 usable questionnaires were analysed. The findings indicated that sexual harassment is partially significant with employee job satisfaction. The result could assist the company in drafting policies in an organization aiming at minimizing the occurrence of sexual harassment in work place environment.
Article Details
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Mohamad, M., & Suhaimi, S. A. (2020). Measuring an Interaction of Sexual Harassment and Employee Job Satisfaction . Asian Social Science and Humanities Research Journal (ASHREJ), 1(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.37698/ashrej.v1i1.3
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References
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Alagappar, P. N., Lean, M. L., David, M. K., Ishak, Z., & Ngeow, Y. M. (2011). ``You’re So Hot!{’’}: A Content Analysis of Sexual Harassment Among Hotel Employees. Humanities, Society and Culture, 20, 17–21.
Antecol, H., & Cobb-Clark, D. (2001). Men, women, and sexual harassment in the US military. Gender Issues, 19(1), 3–18.
Bashir, U., Sharma, R., Jauhari, S., Singh, V., Karunanithy, K., Ponnampalam, A., … Naqvi, H. (2013). A study on the effect of Stress on performance of employees in Commercial Bank of Ceylon in the Eastern Province. Impact of Stress on Employees Job Performance A Study on Banking Sector of Pakistan, 5(2), 87–96. http://doi.org/0975-5853
Bond, M. a, Punnett, L., Pyle, J. L., Cazeca, D., & Cooperman, M. (2004). Gendered work conditions, health, and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 28–45. http://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.1.28
Carr, P. L., Ash, A. S., Friedman, R. H., Szalacha, L., Barnett, R. C., Palepu, A., & Moskowitz, M. M. (2012). W © 2000, 889–896.
Chan, D. K. S., Lam, C. B., Chow, S. Y., & Cheung, S. F. (2008). Examining the job related, psychological and physical outcomes of workplace sexual harassment: a meta analytic review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 362.
Compton, N. (2007). Against Hostile Environment Claims From Their Female And Male Employees :, 2(1), 41–48.
Corr, P., & Jackson, C. (2001). Dimensions of perceived sexual harassment: effects of gender, and status/liking of protagonist. Personality and Individual Differences.
Cortina, L. . (2001). Assessing sexual harassment among Latinas: Development of an instrument. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(2), 164.
Erulkar, A. S. (2004). The Experience of Sexual Coercion Among Young People in Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, 30(4), 182–9. http://doi.org/10.1363/ifpp.30.182.04
Fatt, C. K., Khin, E. W. S., & Heng, T. N. (2010). The impact of organizational justice on employee’s job satisfaction: The Malaysian companies perspectives. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2(1), 56.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and Consequences of Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Test of an Integrated Model. Journal of Applied PsychologyBorgida & Fiske, 82(4), 578–589. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.578
Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring Sexual Harassment: Theoretical and Psychometric Advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425–445. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
Fitzgerald, L. F., & Shullman, S. L. (1993). Sexual harassment: A research analysis and agenda for the 1990s. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42(1), 5–27.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., … Weitzman, L. (1988). Sexual Experiences Questionnaire. The Incidence and Dimensions of Sexual Harassment in Academia and the Workplace, 32, 152–175. Retrieved from http://ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hpi&AN=HaPI-325284&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Fitzgerald, L., Swan, S., & Magley, V. (1997). But was it really sexual harassment?: Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women.
Frone, M. R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 246. http://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.246
Fu, W., & Deshpande, S. P. (2014). The Impact of Caring Climate, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment on Job Performance of Employees in a China???s Insurance Company. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(2), 339–349. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1876-y
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2005). SPSS for window step-by-step: A simple guide and reference (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Harvell, L. (2007). Political bias: a look into the college classroom.
Hersch, J. (2015). Sexual harassment in the workplace. IZA World of Labor. Retrieved from http://wol.iza.org/articles/sexual-harassment-in-workplace
Hira, A., & Waqas, I. (2012). A Study of Job Satisfaction and IT ’ s Impact on the Performance in the Banking Industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(19), 174–180.
Hogh, A., Conway, P. M., Clausen, T., Madsen, I. E. H., & Burr, H. (2016). Unwanted sexual attention at work and long-term sickness absence: a follow-up register-based study. BMC Public Health, 16, 678. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3336-y
Holland, K. J., Rabelo, V. C., Gustafson, A. M., Seabrook, R. C., & Cortina, L. M. (2016). Sexual harassment against men: Examining the roles of feminist activism, sexuality, and organizational context. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(1), 17–29. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0039151
Housch, L., & Collins, K. (1993). “ To Hell with you , Charlie ”: The UAW has a long history of confronting sexual harassment, 1(20).
Hutagalung, F., & Ishak, Z. (2012). Sexual Harassment: A Predictor to Job Satisfaction and Work Stress among Women Employees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65(ICIBSoS), 723–730. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.190
Ismail, M. N., Lee, K. C., & Chan, F. B. (2007). Factors Influencing Sexual Harassment in The Malaysian Workplace. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 12(2), 15–31. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/43655784_FACTORS_INFLUENCING_SEXUAL_HARASSMENT_IN_THE_MALAYSIAN_WORKPLACE
Kenny, K., Samah, A., & Othman, J. (2011). Sexual Harassment: Why Men Do It? A Study to Examine The Predictors That Leads Men To Sexually Harass. International Journal of Humanities …, 1(12), 208–217. Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_12_September_2011/27.pdf
Leskinen, E. A. ., Rabelo, V. C., & Cortina, L. M. (2015). Gender stereotyping and harassment: A “catch-22” for women in the workplace. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(2), 192–204. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000040
Long, C. S., Lingyun, Z., Kowang, T. O., Fei, G. C., Khairuzzaman, W., & Ismail, W. (2016). The Relationship between Sexual Harassment and Job Satisfaction in the Context of Retailing Industry in, 6(4), 1–19. http://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v6i4.10077
Merkin, R. S. (2008). The Impact of Sexual Harassment on Turnover Intentions , Absenteeism , and Job Satisfaction : Findings from Argentina , Brazil and Chile, 10(2), 73–91.
Millán, J. M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R., & Aguado, R. (2013). Determinants of job satisfaction: A European comparison of self-employed and paid employees. Small Business Economics, 40(3), 651–670. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9380-1
Newman, M. A., Jackson, R. A., & Baker, D. D. (2003). Sexual harassment in the federal workplace. Public Administration Review, 63 (4), 472–483.
Norizan, I. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction Among Staff of.
O’Connell, C. E., & Korabik, K. (2000). Sexual Harassment: The Relationship of Personal Vulnerability, Work Context, Perpetrator Status, and Type of Harassment to Outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(3), 299–329. http://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1717
Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. a. (2002). What is so bad about a little name-calling? Negative consequences of gender harassment for overperformance demands and distress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 195–210. http://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.195
Pradhan-malla, S. (2005). Sexual harassment in the workplace in asia, (May), 1–10.
Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., Nawyn, S. J., Flaherty, J. A., Fendrich, M., Drum, M. L., & Johnson, T. P. (1999). Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: Prevalence and mental health correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 89(3), 358–363. http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.3.358
Sabitha, M., Asmak, A. R., & Nur Sabrina, M. (2011). Differences in the Usage of Language and Attitudes Towards Sexual Harrasment At Workplace : a Gender Perspective, (Icm), 13-14.
Sabitha, M., & Asmak, R. A. (2012). Experiences, Effects and Combating Sexual Harassment at Worplace: A Malaysian Case*. International Journal of Innovations in Business IJIB, 1(1).
Sabitha, M., Norul Huda, M. S., & Roza, H. Z. (2013). Combating Sexual Harassment Towards a Healthier Workplace: Combating Sexual Harassment Towards a Healthier Workplace, (March), 180-191.
Sadruddin, M. (n.d.). Sexual Harassment at Workplace in Pakistan- Issues and Remedies about the Global Issue at Managerial Sector. Journal of Managerial Sciences Volume VII Number.
Shmailan, A. (2016). The relationship between job satisfaction, job performance and employee engagement: An explorative study. Issues in Business Management and Economics, 4(1)(January), 1-8. http://doi.org/10.15739/IBME.16.001
Swarnalatha, C. (2013). Original Article Workplace Harassment and Job Satisfaction : an Empirical Study Among Employees of Automotive Industries in India, 1(i), 1-6.
Taylor, J. and D. G. B. (1972). Survey of Organizations: A Machine-scored Standardized Questionnaire Investment. . University of Michigan.
Togia, A., Koustelios, A., & Tsigilis, N. (2004). Job satisfaction among Greek academic librarians. Library and Information Science Research, 26(3), 373–383. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2004.01.004
Tuasela, J. A., & Parihala, Y. (2017). Pelayanan Pastoralia Transformatif untuk Penanganan Masalah Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Perempuan di Ambon. Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, 2(2), 166-180.
Whealin, J. M., Davies, S., Shaffer, A. E., Jackson, J. L., & Love, L. C. (2002). Family context and childhood adjustment associated with intrafamilial unwanted sexual attention. Journal of Family Violence, 17(2), 151–165. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015009501050
Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 127–162. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x
Yusuf, N. (2010). Experience of Sexual Harrassment at work by Female Employees in a Nigerian Work Environment - Noa_0.pdf.
Alagappar, P. N., Lean, M. L., David, M. K., Ishak, Z., & Ngeow, Y. M. (2011). ``You’re So Hot!{’’}: A Content Analysis of Sexual Harassment Among Hotel Employees. Humanities, Society and Culture, 20, 17–21.
Antecol, H., & Cobb-Clark, D. (2001). Men, women, and sexual harassment in the US military. Gender Issues, 19(1), 3–18.
Bashir, U., Sharma, R., Jauhari, S., Singh, V., Karunanithy, K., Ponnampalam, A., … Naqvi, H. (2013). A study on the effect of Stress on performance of employees in Commercial Bank of Ceylon in the Eastern Province. Impact of Stress on Employees Job Performance A Study on Banking Sector of Pakistan, 5(2), 87–96. http://doi.org/0975-5853
Bond, M. a, Punnett, L., Pyle, J. L., Cazeca, D., & Cooperman, M. (2004). Gendered work conditions, health, and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 28–45. http://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.1.28
Carr, P. L., Ash, A. S., Friedman, R. H., Szalacha, L., Barnett, R. C., Palepu, A., & Moskowitz, M. M. (2012). W © 2000, 889–896.
Chan, D. K. S., Lam, C. B., Chow, S. Y., & Cheung, S. F. (2008). Examining the job related, psychological and physical outcomes of workplace sexual harassment: a meta analytic review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 362.
Compton, N. (2007). Against Hostile Environment Claims From Their Female And Male Employees :, 2(1), 41–48.
Corr, P., & Jackson, C. (2001). Dimensions of perceived sexual harassment: effects of gender, and status/liking of protagonist. Personality and Individual Differences.
Cortina, L. . (2001). Assessing sexual harassment among Latinas: Development of an instrument. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(2), 164.
Erulkar, A. S. (2004). The Experience of Sexual Coercion Among Young People in Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives, 30(4), 182–9. http://doi.org/10.1363/ifpp.30.182.04
Fatt, C. K., Khin, E. W. S., & Heng, T. N. (2010). The impact of organizational justice on employee’s job satisfaction: The Malaysian companies perspectives. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2(1), 56.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and Consequences of Sexual Harassment in Organizations: A Test of an Integrated Model. Journal of Applied PsychologyBorgida & Fiske, 82(4), 578–589. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.578
Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring Sexual Harassment: Theoretical and Psychometric Advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425–445. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
Fitzgerald, L. F., & Shullman, S. L. (1993). Sexual harassment: A research analysis and agenda for the 1990s. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42(1), 5–27.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., … Weitzman, L. (1988). Sexual Experiences Questionnaire. The Incidence and Dimensions of Sexual Harassment in Academia and the Workplace, 32, 152–175. Retrieved from http://ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hpi&AN=HaPI-325284&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Fitzgerald, L., Swan, S., & Magley, V. (1997). But was it really sexual harassment?: Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women.
Frone, M. R. (2000). Interpersonal conflict at work and psychological outcomes: testing a model among young workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 246. http://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.246
Fu, W., & Deshpande, S. P. (2014). The Impact of Caring Climate, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment on Job Performance of Employees in a China???s Insurance Company. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(2), 339–349. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1876-y
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2005). SPSS for window step-by-step: A simple guide and reference (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Harvell, L. (2007). Political bias: a look into the college classroom.
Hersch, J. (2015). Sexual harassment in the workplace. IZA World of Labor. Retrieved from http://wol.iza.org/articles/sexual-harassment-in-workplace
Hira, A., & Waqas, I. (2012). A Study of Job Satisfaction and IT ’ s Impact on the Performance in the Banking Industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(19), 174–180.
Hogh, A., Conway, P. M., Clausen, T., Madsen, I. E. H., & Burr, H. (2016). Unwanted sexual attention at work and long-term sickness absence: a follow-up register-based study. BMC Public Health, 16, 678. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3336-y
Holland, K. J., Rabelo, V. C., Gustafson, A. M., Seabrook, R. C., & Cortina, L. M. (2016). Sexual harassment against men: Examining the roles of feminist activism, sexuality, and organizational context. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(1), 17–29. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0039151
Housch, L., & Collins, K. (1993). “ To Hell with you , Charlie ”: The UAW has a long history of confronting sexual harassment, 1(20).
Hutagalung, F., & Ishak, Z. (2012). Sexual Harassment: A Predictor to Job Satisfaction and Work Stress among Women Employees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65(ICIBSoS), 723–730. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.190
Ismail, M. N., Lee, K. C., & Chan, F. B. (2007). Factors Influencing Sexual Harassment in The Malaysian Workplace. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 12(2), 15–31. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/43655784_FACTORS_INFLUENCING_SEXUAL_HARASSMENT_IN_THE_MALAYSIAN_WORKPLACE
Kenny, K., Samah, A., & Othman, J. (2011). Sexual Harassment: Why Men Do It? A Study to Examine The Predictors That Leads Men To Sexually Harass. International Journal of Humanities …, 1(12), 208–217. Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_12_September_2011/27.pdf
Leskinen, E. A. ., Rabelo, V. C., & Cortina, L. M. (2015). Gender stereotyping and harassment: A “catch-22” for women in the workplace. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(2), 192–204. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000040
Long, C. S., Lingyun, Z., Kowang, T. O., Fei, G. C., Khairuzzaman, W., & Ismail, W. (2016). The Relationship between Sexual Harassment and Job Satisfaction in the Context of Retailing Industry in, 6(4), 1–19. http://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v6i4.10077
Merkin, R. S. (2008). The Impact of Sexual Harassment on Turnover Intentions , Absenteeism , and Job Satisfaction : Findings from Argentina , Brazil and Chile, 10(2), 73–91.
Millán, J. M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R., & Aguado, R. (2013). Determinants of job satisfaction: A European comparison of self-employed and paid employees. Small Business Economics, 40(3), 651–670. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9380-1
Newman, M. A., Jackson, R. A., & Baker, D. D. (2003). Sexual harassment in the federal workplace. Public Administration Review, 63 (4), 472–483.
Norizan, I. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction Among Staff of.
O’Connell, C. E., & Korabik, K. (2000). Sexual Harassment: The Relationship of Personal Vulnerability, Work Context, Perpetrator Status, and Type of Harassment to Outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(3), 299–329. http://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1717
Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. a. (2002). What is so bad about a little name-calling? Negative consequences of gender harassment for overperformance demands and distress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 195–210. http://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.195
Pradhan-malla, S. (2005). Sexual harassment in the workplace in asia, (May), 1–10.
Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., Nawyn, S. J., Flaherty, J. A., Fendrich, M., Drum, M. L., & Johnson, T. P. (1999). Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: Prevalence and mental health correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 89(3), 358–363. http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.3.358
Sabitha, M., Asmak, A. R., & Nur Sabrina, M. (2011). Differences in the Usage of Language and Attitudes Towards Sexual Harrasment At Workplace : a Gender Perspective, (Icm), 13-14.
Sabitha, M., & Asmak, R. A. (2012). Experiences, Effects and Combating Sexual Harassment at Worplace: A Malaysian Case*. International Journal of Innovations in Business IJIB, 1(1).
Sabitha, M., Norul Huda, M. S., & Roza, H. Z. (2013). Combating Sexual Harassment Towards a Healthier Workplace: Combating Sexual Harassment Towards a Healthier Workplace, (March), 180-191.
Sadruddin, M. (n.d.). Sexual Harassment at Workplace in Pakistan- Issues and Remedies about the Global Issue at Managerial Sector. Journal of Managerial Sciences Volume VII Number.
Shmailan, A. (2016). The relationship between job satisfaction, job performance and employee engagement: An explorative study. Issues in Business Management and Economics, 4(1)(January), 1-8. http://doi.org/10.15739/IBME.16.001
Swarnalatha, C. (2013). Original Article Workplace Harassment and Job Satisfaction : an Empirical Study Among Employees of Automotive Industries in India, 1(i), 1-6.
Taylor, J. and D. G. B. (1972). Survey of Organizations: A Machine-scored Standardized Questionnaire Investment. . University of Michigan.
Togia, A., Koustelios, A., & Tsigilis, N. (2004). Job satisfaction among Greek academic librarians. Library and Information Science Research, 26(3), 373–383. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2004.01.004
Tuasela, J. A., & Parihala, Y. (2017). Pelayanan Pastoralia Transformatif untuk Penanganan Masalah Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Perempuan di Ambon. Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, 2(2), 166-180.
Whealin, J. M., Davies, S., Shaffer, A. E., Jackson, J. L., & Love, L. C. (2002). Family context and childhood adjustment associated with intrafamilial unwanted sexual attention. Journal of Family Violence, 17(2), 151–165. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015009501050
Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 127–162. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x
Yusuf, N. (2010). Experience of Sexual Harrassment at work by Female Employees in a Nigerian Work Environment - Noa_0.pdf.