Article Sidebar

Submitted
August 12, 2026
Published
October 13, 2026
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 33 Download : 33

Main Article Content

Abstract





Leadership plays an important role in shaping an organization’s performance. In this study, transformational leadership is examined as the independent variable, while organizational performance is the dependent variable. Ethical practices are included as a moderating factor, as they may influence the strength of the relationship between leadership and performance. This research focuses on organizational leaders in Pahang. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 339 leaders across various organizations in the state. The responses were then analyzed using SPSS version 30 and SmartPLS version 4 to ensure accurate and reliable findings. The study is guided by three main objectives. First, it aims to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance in Pahang. Second, it seeks to understand how ethical practices influence organizational performance. Finally, the study examines whether ethical practices strengthen or weaken the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance.





Keywords

Transformational Leadership Organization performance Ethical Practices

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2026 SIDA BINTI SARIAT, Shakirah Noor Azlan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Sida Tantiana Sariat, UCYP University

Sida Tantiana Sariat is a PhD student at UCYP University.  Her main research activity is in the area of organisational performance, leadership, and communication. She can be reached through her email at [email protected] and contact number 019-7574977. 

Shakirah Noor Azlan , UCYP University

Dr. Shakirah Noor Azlan is a lecturer at UCYP University.  She holds a PhD in Management from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.  Her areas of expertise include organisational behaviour, safety management, and human resource management.  She can be contacted via email at [email protected]

How to Cite
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organization Performance in Pahang:  Exploring the Moderating Role of Ethical Practices. (2026). Asian Social Science and Humanities Research Journal (ASHREJ), 8(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.37698/gznws430
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

How to Cite

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organization Performance in Pahang:  Exploring the Moderating Role of Ethical Practices. (2026). Asian Social Science and Humanities Research Journal (ASHREJ), 8(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.37698/gznws430

References

  1. Abou-Chadi, T., & Kayser, M. A. (2017). It's not easy being green: Why voters punish parties for environmental policies during economic downturns. Electoral studies, 45, 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.10.009
  2. Aguirre-Urreta, M. I., & Rönkkö, M. (2018). Statistical inference with PLSc using bootstrap confidence intervals. MIS quarterly, 42(3), 1001-A10.
  3. Ahmad, I., Donia, M. B., Khan, A., & Waris, M. (2019). Do as I say and do as I do? The mediating role of psychological contract fulfilment in the relationship between ethical leadership and employee extra-role performance. Personnel review, 48(1), 98-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2016-0325
  4. Ahmad, J., Ismail, N., & Nasir, N. N. A. M. (2017). Belia dan isu jenayah masa kini di Malaysia. Institut Penyelidikan Pembangunan Belia Malaysia: 49–70.
  5. Ahmad, N., Alias, F. A., Hamat, M., & Mohamed, S. A. (2024). Reliability analysis: application of cronbach's alpha in research instruments. Pioneering the Future: Delving Into E‐Learning's Landscape, 114-119.
  6. Ahmad, R., Nawaz, M. R., Ishaq, M. I., Khan, M. M., & Ashraf, H. A. (2023). Social exchange theory: Systematic review and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015921
  7. Ahsan, M. J. (2024). Unlocking sustainable success: exploring the impact of transformational leadership, organizational culture, and CSR performance on financial performance in the Italian manufacturing sector. Social responsibility journal, 20(4), 783-803. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2023-0332
  8. Albers, S. (2009). PLS and success factor studies in marketing. In Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 409-425). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  9. Alhawamdeh, H. M., & Alsmairat, M. A. (2019). Strategic decision making and organization performance: A literature review. International review of management and marketing, 9(4), 95-99.
  10. Al Kashari, Z., & Al Taheri, F. (2019). The role of knowledge sharing in organizational performance. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 62(1), 30-38.
  11. Alkipsy, E. I., & Raju, V. (2020). Mediation role of work ethics between transformational, transactional and participative leadership styles and managerial efficiency: A Review of Literature. The Mattingley Publishing, 83, 13248 – 13258.
  12. Alili, A., & Krstev, D. (2019). Using SPSS for research and data analysis. Knowledge-international journal, 32(3), 301-390.
  13. Almatrooshi, B., Singh, S. K., & Farouk, S. (2016). Determinants of organizational performance: a proposed framework. International Journal of productivity and performance management, 65(6), 844-859. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-02-2016-0038
  14. Almutairi, D. O. (2016). The mediating effects of organizational commitment on the relationship between transformational leadership style and job performance. International journal of business and management, 11(1), 140-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n1p231
  15. Alsayyed, N. M., Suifan, T. S., Sweis, R. J., & Kilani, B. A. (2020). The impact of transformational leadership on organisational performance case study: The University of Jordan. International journal of business excellence, 20(2), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEX.2020.105356
  16. Amalia, N. T., & Ribhan, R. (2025). The Influence of Knowledge Sharing and Self-Efficacy on the Performance of Indonesian Competitive Taekwondo Athletes. International Journal Of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM), 5(2), 937-948.
  17. Anwar, G., & Abdullah, N. N. (2021). The impact of Human resource management practice on Organizational performance. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM), 5.
  18. Arbogast, J. P. (2022). Investigating the Employees’ Perception on Leadership Styles in Managing Human Resource Performance : A Case of Immigration Department in Arusha Region. 1-94.
  19. Atzger, B., Sá, E. S., & Silva, J. (2020). Exploring sources of voter-based political human brand equity. Journal of brand management, 27, 481-494.
  20. Austin, J. L. (1995). How to do things with words. Harvard university press.
  21. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2001). Developing potential across a full range of leadership Tm: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Psychology Press.
  22. Badrinarayanan, V., Ramachandran, I., & Madhavaram, S. (2019). Mirroring the boss: Ethical leadership, emulation intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of business ethics, 159, 897-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3842-1
  23. Bagyura, J., HaraSztHy, L., Szitta, T., & Solti, B. (2025). Population trend, breeding performance and diet of Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) in Hungary between 1980 and 2024. Ornis Hungarica, 33(1), 70-97.
  24. Balwant, P. (2019). Stay close! The role of leader distance in the relationship between transformational leadership, work engagement, and performance in undergraduate project teams. Journal of education for business, 94(6), 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2018.1541851
  25. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  26. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  27. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1996). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Western Journal of Nursing Research.
  28. Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership 2nd ed. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
  29. Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and application. Free Press.
  30. Baur, A., Flach, L., & Hillrichs, D. (2024). German-US trade relations before the election: Implications of a Trump comeback. In EconPol Forum 25 (5), 27-31.
  31. Berkovich, I., & Eyal, O. (2021). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and moral reasoning. Leadership and policy in schools, 20(2), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2019.1585551
  32. Belgasem-Hussain, A. A., & Hussaien, Y. I. (2023). Earnings management as an ethical issue in view of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning. Journal of Financial Crime, 30(2), 522-535. https://www.emerald.com/insight/1359-0790.htm
  33. Berlian, I., Mardiana, N., & Firdaus, L. (2025). The Influence of Knowledge Management and Soft Skills Development on Employee Perfomance in Public Works Agency. International Journal Of Education, Social Studies, And Management (IJESSM), 5(2), 742-754.
  34. Binder, W. (2017). The drama of politics: Jeffrey Alexander’s liberal sociology of political performances. 1-18.
  35. Blanca, M. J., Arnau, J., López-Montiel, D., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2013). Skewness and kurtosis in real data samples. Methodology. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000057
  36. Boamah, S. A., Laschinger, H. K. S., Wong, C., & Clarke, S. (2018). Effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction and patient safety outcomes. Nursing outlook, 66(2), 180-189.
  37. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 89(5), 901. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.901
  38. Borraz, O., & John, P. (2004). The transformation of urban political leadership in Western Europe. International journal of urban and regional research, 28(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00505.x
  39. Bourne, M., Melnyk, S., & Bititci, U. S. (2018). Performance measurement and management: theory and practice. International journal of operations & production management, 38(11), 2010-2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-11-2018-784
  40. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The leadership quarterly, 24(1), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006
  41. Brinkmann, M. (2018). The concept of political competence. Critical Review, 30(3-4), 163-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2018.1572974
  42. Brouer, R. L., Chiu, C. Y., & Wang, L. (2016). Political skill dimensions and transformational leadership in China. Journal of managerial psychology, 31(6), 1040-1056. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-05-2014-0166
  43. Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The leadership quarterly, 17(6), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
  44. Burns, J. M. (2004). Transforming leadership: A new pursuit of happiness. Grove Press.
  45. Cahyono. Y., Novitasari, D., Sihotang, M., Aman, M., Fahlevi, M., Nadeak, M., Siahaan, M., Asbari, M., and Purwanto, A. (2020). The effect of transformational leadership dimensions on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Case studies in private university lecturers. Solid state echnology Journal, 63(1), 158-179.
  46. Carlsson, V., & Rönnblom, M. (2022). From politics to ethics: Transformations in EU policies on digital technology. Technology in Society, 71, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102145
  47. Camgoz, S. M., & Karapinar, P. B. (2021). Measuring Destructive Leadership. In Destructive Leadership and Management Hypocrisy: Advances in Theory and Practice. 181-195.
  48. Carter, S. R., Rifkin, D. J., Aslani, P., & Mclachlan, A. J. (2025). Psychometric properties of the multifactor leadership questionnaire when used in early-career pharmacists with provisional registration. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 21(1), 56-66.
  49. Cetin, M. O., & Kinik, F. S. F. (2015). An analysis of academic leadership behavior from the perspective of transformational leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 519-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.122
  50. Cheah J.H., C. J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Ramayah, T., & Hiram Ting, H. T. (2018). Convergent validity assessment of formatively measured constructs in PLS-SEM.
  51. Cherry, K. (2019). The Major Leadership Theories. 1-7.
  52. Chin, W., Cheah, J. H., Liu, Y., Ting, H., Lim, X. J., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Demystifying the role of causal-predictive modeling using partial least squares structural equation modeling in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 120(12), 2161-2209. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2019-0529
  53. Cho, G., Kim, S., Lee, J., Hwang, H., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2023). A comparative study of the predictive power of component-based approaches to structural equation modeling. European journal of marketing, 57(6), 1641-1661. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-07-2020-0542
  54. Choi, M., Kim, S., & Woo, Y. (2025). The impact of transformational leadership by chiefs and supervisors on law enforcement turnover intention: an examination of job satisfaction and commitment as mediators. Policing: An International Journal, 48(3), 610-629.
  55. Ciulla, J. B., Knights, D., Mabey, C., & Tomkins, L. (2018). Philosophical contributions to leadership ethics introduction. Business ethics quarterly, 28(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2017.48
  56. Clarke, N., Jennings, W., Moss, J., & Stoker, G. (2018). The good politician: Folk theories, political interaction, and the rise of anti-politics. Cambridge University Press.
  57. Cloutier, C., & Langley, A. (2020). What makes a process theoretical contribution? organization theory, 1(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787720902473
  58. Colonnelli, E., Prem, M., & Teso, E. (2020). Patronage and selection in public sector organizations. American Economic Review, 110(10), 3071-3099.
  59. Copeland, M. K. (2016). The impact of authentic, ethical, transformational leadership on leader effectiveness. Journal of leadership, accountability and ethics, 13(3), 79-97.
  60. Craig, G. (2021). Kindness and control: The political leadership of Jacinda Ardern in the Aotearoa New Zealand COVID-19 media conferences. Journalism and Media, 2(2), 288-304. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2020017
  61. Dansereau Jr, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational behavior and human performance, 13(1), 46-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90005-7
  62. Deng, C., Gulseren, D., Isola, C., Grocutt, K., & Turner, N. (2023). Transformational leadership effectiveness: an evidence-based primer. Human resource development international, 26(5), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2135938
  63. De Vries, D. (2020). A classical grounded theory study of how heads of state in Africa lead: A new theory of political leadership. Eastern University.
  64. Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., & Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and Team Performance. Journal of organizational change management, 17(2), 177-193.
  65. Evermann, J., & Tate, M. (2016). Assessing the predictive performance of structural equation model estimators. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4565-4582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.050
  66. Ezeanyim, E. E., & Ezeanolue, E. T. (2021). Business ethics and organizational performance in manufacturing firms in South-East, Nigeria. International journal of business & law research, 9(3), 1-14.
  67. Faliza, N., Setiawan, R., & Agustina, W. (2024). The effect of leadership effectiveness and Islamic work motivation on organization performance with Islamic work ethics as a moderating variable. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 6(1), 409-425.
  68. Ferris, G. R., Blickle, G., Schneider, P. B., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Solga, J., ... & Meurs, J. A. (2008). Political skill construct and criterion‐related validation: A two‐study investigation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(7), 744-771. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810896321
  69. Ferris, G. R., Perrewé, P. L., Anthony, W. P., & Gilmore, D. C. (2016). Political skill at work. Organizational influence processes, Routledge.
  70. Garzia, D. (2011). The personalization of politics in Western democracies: Causes and consequences on leader–follower relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 697-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.010
  71. Gautam, S., & Kumar, P. (2025). Prominent behavioural biases affecting investment decisions: a systematic literature review with TCCM and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 35(1), 96-120.
  72. Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of management Journal, 52(4), 765-778.
  73. Gumede, V. (2017). Leadership for Africa’s development: Revisiting indigenous African leadership and setting the agenda for political leadership. Journal of black studies, 48(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934716678392
  74. Hair Jr, J. F. (2006). Successful strategies for teaching multivariate statistics. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on (pp. 1-5).
  75. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). London: Cengage Learning.
  76. Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial management & data systems, 117(3), 442-458.
  77. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., Ray, S., & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1
  78. Hair Jr, J. F., LDS Gabriel, M., Silva, D. D., & Braga, S. (2019). Development and validation of attitudes measurement scales: fundamental and practical aspects. RAUSP Management Journal, 54(4), 490-507.
  79. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  80. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Becker, J. M. (2025). Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): a SmartPLS 4 software tutorial. Journal of Marketing Analytic. 1-16.
  81. Harvey, C. J., & Mukherjee, P. (2020). Methods of election manipulation and the likelihood of post-election protest. Government and opposition, 55(4), 534-556. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.38
  82. Harvey, O., Regmi, P. R., Mahato, P., Dhakal Adhikari, S., Dhital, R., & Van Teijlingen, E. (2023). Methods or methodology: terms that are too often confused. Journal of education and research, 13(2), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.51474/jer.v13i2.716
  83. Hay, I. (2006). Transformational leadership: Characteristics and criticisms. E-journal of organizational learning and leadership, 5(2), 1-19.
  84. Hayes, A. F. (2022). Using SPSS: A little syntax guide. 1-73.
  85. Hendiani, S., Liao, H., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2022). A new sustainability indicator for supply chains: theoretical and practical contribution towards sustainable operations. International Journal of logistics research and applications, 25(4-5), 384-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2020.1761308
  86. Helms, L. (2020). Leadership succession in politics: The democracy/autocracy divide revisited. The British journal of politics and international relations, 22(2), 328-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120908528
  87. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115-135.
  88. Hofmann, M. E. (2024). Transformational Leadership Characteristics of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.
  89. House, R. J. (1998). Measures and assessments for the charismatic leadership approach: Scales, latent constructs, loadings, Cronbach alphas, and interclass correlations. Monographs in organizational behavior and industrial relations, 24, 23-30.
  90. Hoxha, A. (2019). Transformational and transactional leadership styles on employee performance. International journal of humanities and social science invention, 8(11), 46-58.
  91. Hu, H. W., & Xu, D. (2022). Manager or politician? Effects of CEO pay on the performance of state-controlled Chinese listed firms. Journal of management, 48(5), 1160-1187. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211015301
  92. Hwang, H., Sarstedt, M., Cheah, J. H., & Ringle, C. M. (2020). A concept analysis of methodological research on composite-based structural equation modeling: bridging PLSPM and GSCA. Behaviormetrika, 47, 219-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41237-019-00085-5
  93. Hyseni Duraku, Z., & Hoxha, L. (2021, June). Impact of transformational and transactional attributes of school principal leadership on teachers’ motivation for work. In Frontiers in Education 6, 659919.
  94. Ibrahim, N. M. N., & Mahmood, R. B. (2016). Factors influencing small and medium enterprises’ performance. International Journal of Economic, Commerce and Management, 4(1), 379-391.
  95. Idris, I., Suyuti, A., Supriyanto, A. S., & As, N. (2022). Transformational leadership, political skill, organizational culture and employee performance: A case study from tourism company in Indonesia. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 40(1), 104-110.
  96. Jackson, C. J. (2020). Transformational leadership and gravitas: 2000 years of no development? Personality and individual differences, 156, 109760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109760
  97. J. M. Burns, Leadership. Harper & Row, 1978.
  98. Jones, D.S. (2022) Challenges in combating corruption in Malaysia: issues of leadership, culture and money politics. Public Administration and Policy 25 (2): 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-01-2022-0002
  99. Jyoti, J., & Dev, M. (2015). The impact of transformational leadership on employee creativity: the role of learning orientation. Journal of Asia business studies, 9(1), 78-98. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2014-0022
  100. Kaewsaeng-On, R., Al-Takhayneh, S. K., Jam, F. A., Chang, B. L., Pradana, M., & Mahmood, S. (2022). A three-wave longitudinal study of school innovation climate and entrepreneurship teachers’ acceptance to technology: Moderating role of knowledge sharing and knowledge hiding. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1028219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1028219
  101. Kahn, M. E., & Kotchen, M. J. (2010). Environmental concern and the business cycle: The chilling effect of recession. National Bureau of Economic Research. 1-28.
  102. Kang, S. W. (2019). Sustainable influence of ethical leadership on work performance: Empirical study of multinational enterprise in South Korea. Sustainability, 11(11), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113101
  103. Keohane, N (2014). “Democratic Leadership and Dirty Hands,” in Ethics: The Heart of Leadership. 151–176.
  104. Khan, A. Z., & Adnan, N. (2014). Impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. International journal of management sciences, 2(11), 501-515.
  105. Knies, E., Jacobsen, C., & Tummers, L. (2016). Leadership and organizational performance: State of the art and a research agenda. The Routledge Companion to Leadership, 426-440.
  106. Kraus, S., Breier, M., Lim, W. M., Dabić, M., Kumar, S., Kanbach, D., & Ferreira, J. J. (2022). Literature reviews as independent studies: guidelines for academic practice. Review of managerial science, 16(8), 2577-2595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00588-8
  107. Koech, P. M., & Namusonge, G. S. (2012). The effect of leadership styles on organizational performance at state corporations in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 2(1), 1-12.
  108. Kumar, S. (2018). Understanding different issues of unit of analysis in business research. Journal of general management research, 5(2), 70-82.
  109. Li, H., Sajjad, N., Wang, Q., Muhammad Ali, A., Khaqan, Z., & Amina, S. (2019). Influence of transformational leadership on employees’ innovative work behavior in sustainable organizations: Test of mediation and moderation processes. Sustainability, 11(6), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061594
  110. Lillie, W. (2020). An introduction to ethics. Routledge.
  111. Lima, W., Guerrier, O. L. (2025). Educational Leadership Theories and Their Role in School Improvement: A Study of the Haitian Secondary School System. Int J Engg Mgmt Res, 15(2), 188.
  112. Lim, W. M., & Bowman, C. (2023). How to establish practical contributions and convey practical implications? Guidelines on locating practice gaps and making recommendations for practice. Activities, adaptation & aging, 47(3), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2023.2232220
  113. Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The leadership quarterly, 7(3), 385-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2
  114. Lubatkin, M. H., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y., & Veiga, J. F. (2006). Ambidexterity and performance in small-to medium-sized firms: The pivotal role of top management team behavioral integration. Journal of management, 32(5), 646-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306290712
  115. Matsunaga, M. (2025). Testing the theory of communication and uncertainty management in the context of digital transformation with transformational leadership as a moderator. International Journal of Business Communication, 62(3), 583-607.
  116. Mbah, C. E. (2013). Leadership question and development crises: The 21st century challenges in Africa and quest for change. Journal of sustainable development in Africa, 15(2), 142-153.
  117. Memon, M. A., Cheah, J. H., Ramayah, T., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2019). Moderation analysis: issues and guidelines. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 3(1), 1-11.
  118. Miller, A. H., Wattenberg, M. P., & Malanchuk, O. (1986). Schematic assessments of presidential candidates. American political science review, 80(2), 521-540. https://doi.org/10.2307/1958272
  119. Nitzl, C. (2016). The use of partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in management accounting research: Directions for future theory development. Journal of Accounting Literature, 37(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acclit.2016.09.003
  120. Oliver, K., Lorenc, T., & Tinkler, J. (2020). Evaluating unintended consequences: new insights into solving practical, ethical and political challenges of evaluation. Evaluation, 26(1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389019850847
  121. Ongolo, J. A., & Muia, D. M. (2020). Influence of political leadership on economic empowerment in Siaya County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Law and Society, 1(3), 28-45.
  122. O’Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (2020). Transformational leader or narcissist? How grandiose narcissists can create and destroy organizations and institutions. California Management Review, 62(3), 5-27.
  123. Özkan, E., Çelik, S. B., & Koopmans, L. (2024). Assessing the Turkish version of the Individual Work Performance Questiodiennaire (IWPQ) for its validity and reliability. BMC psychology, 12(1), 573.
  124. Pasha, O., Poister, T. H., Wright, B. E., & Thomas, J. C. (2017). Transformational leadership and mission valence of employees: The varying effects by organizational level. Public performance & management review, 40(4), 722-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2017.1335220
  125. Piccolo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. (2006). Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of management journal, 49(2), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.20786079
  126. Plengkham, B., Rattanasak, S., & Sukserm, P. (2025). 6Ps Guidelines for Constructing an English Questionnaire for a Survey in Social Science Research. Journal of Education and Learning, 14(3), 212-220.
  127. Popa, B. M. (2012). The relationship between leadership effectiveness and organizational performance. Journal of Defense Resources Management (JoDRM), 3(1), 123-127.
  128. Purwanto, A., Bernarto, I., Asbari, M., Wijayanti, L. M., & Hyun, C. C. (2020). (2020). Effect of transformational and transactional leadership style on public health centre performance. Journal of research in business, economics, and education, 2(1), 304-314.
  129. Raelin, J. A., & Jacobs, R. W. (2003). Creating leaderful organizations: How to bring out leadership in everyone. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  130. Ramayah, T. J. F. H., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using smart PLS 3.0. An updated guide and practical guide to statistical analysis, 967-978.
  131. Rashid, M. A., Nuruzzaman, M., Rahman, M. T., & Chowdhury, S. R. (2022). Effect of Marketing Network and Training on the Success of SMEs in Bangladesh.
  132. Rasinger, S. M. (2013). Quantitative research in linguistics: An introduction. A&C Black.
  133. RRehman, A. A., & Alharthi, K. (2016). An introduction to research paradigms. International Journal of educational investigations, 3(8), 51-59.
  134. Sabol, M. A., Hair Jr, J. F., Winton, B. G., & Legate, A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Information Systems: Measurement and Validation. Review of Business Information Systems, 25(1).
  135. Saleem, F., Zhang, Y. Z., Gopinath, C., & Adeel, A. (2020). Impact of servant leadership on performance: The mediating role of affective and cognitive trust. Sage Open, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900562
  136. Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In Handbook of market research, 587-632. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2
  137. Schlesinger, J. A. (1984). On the Theory of Party Organization. The Journal of Politics 46 (2). 369-400.
  138. Schreyögg, G., & Kliesch‐Eberl, M. (2007). How dynamic can organizational capabilities be? Towards a dual‐process model of capability dynamization. Strategic management journal, 28(9), 913-933. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.613
  139. Shafi, M., Lei, Z., Song, X., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: Moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Asia Pacific Management Review, 25(3), 166-176.
  140. Shahid, M. S., Batool, Z., Shami, A. Z. A., Ashraf, J., & Sadaqat, R. (2025). Psychological Distress in Married Females Under 18 in Pashtun Culture of Pakistan: A Quantitative Study. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 5(2), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.62843/jssr.v5i2.536
  141. Shahir, N. F. M., & Besar, J. A. (2023). Krisis dan Kerjasama Parti Politik: Kajian Kes di Kawasan DUN Tanjong Mas, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 7(1), 1-21.
  142. Shahzad, F., Luqman, R. A., Khan, A. R., & Shabbir, L. (2012). Impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: An overview. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business.
  143. Sharifnia, A. M., Kpormegbey, D. E., Thapa, D. K., & Cleary, M. (2025). A Primer of Data Cleaning in Quantitative Research: Handling Missing Values and Outliers. Journal of Advanced Nursing.
  144. Shaw, J. B., Erickson, A., & Nassirzadeh, F. (2014). Destructive leader behaviour: A study of Iranian leaders using the Destructive Leadership Questionnaire. Leadership, 10(2), 218-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715013476082
  145. Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea. Academy of management Journal, 46(6), 703-714.
  146. Sekaran, U. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach.
  147. Sekaran, U. (2009). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach.
  148. Sidgwick, H. (2017). The Methods of Ethics. 1-249.
  149. Simola, S., Barling, J., & Turner, N. (2012). Transformational leadership and leaders’ mode of care reasoning. Journal of business ethics, 108(2), 229-237.
  150. Song, Y., Son, Y. J., & Oh, D. (2015). Methodological issues in questionnaire design. Journal of Korean academy of nursing, 45(3), 323-328. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.323
  151. Spenkuch, J. L., Teso, E., & Xu, G. (2023). Ideology and performance in public organizations. Econometrica, 91(4), 1171-1203. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA20355
  152. Stewart, J. (2006). Transformational leadership: An evolving concept examined through the works of Burns, Bass, Avolio, and Leithwood. Canadian journal of educational administration and policy, 54(1), 1-29.
  153. Stone, H., Sidel, J. L., & Bloomquist, J. (2008). Quantitative descriptive analysis. Descriptive sensory analysis in practice, 10, 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118991657.ch1
  154. Susanto, P. C., Agusinta, L., Setyawati, A., & Panjaitan, A. R. P. (2023). Determinant Organization Commitment and Development Organization: Analysis Servant Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership. Formosa journal of multidisciplinary Research, 2(3), 541-558. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v2i3.3356
  155. Syed, J. (2025). A normative framework of ethical leadership in Islam (Vol. 25031). SAAM Working Paper Series.
  156. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S., (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Thomson/Brooks/Cole.
  157. Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and micro foundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic management journal, 28(13), 1319-1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
  158. Thiroux, J. P., & Krasemann, K. W. (2014). Ethics Theory and Practice. Pearson Education Limited.
  159. Tömmel, I. (2020). Political leadership in times of crisis: The commission presidency of Jean-Claude Juncker. West European politics, 43(5), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1646507
  160. Traianou, A. (2024). The issue of’vulnerability’in researching political elites. Education Inquiry, 1-16.
  161. Trevino, L. K., Den Nieuwenboer, N. A., & Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2014). (Un) ethical behavior in organizations. Annual review of psychology, 65(1), 635-660. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143745
  162. Vaczi, M., & Watson, C. J. (2021). Corporeal performance in contemporary ethnonationalist movements: the changing body politic of Basque and Catalan secessionism. Social Anthropology/Anthropologie sociale, 29(3), 602-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.13010
  163. Valgarðsson, V. O., Clarke, N., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2021). The good politician and political trust: An authenticity gap in British politics? Political studies, 69(4), 858-880. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720928257
  164. Van de Ven, A. H., & Poole, M. S. (2005). Alternative approaches for studying organizational change. Organization studies, 26(9), 1377-1404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840605056907
  165. Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of management, 37(4), 1228-1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310380462
  166. Walumbwa, F. O., Morrison, E. W., & Christensen, A. L. (2012). Ethical leadership and group in-role performance: The mediating roles of group conscientiousness and group voice. The leadership quarterly, 23(5), 953-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.06.004
  167. Wang, J., Chen, R., & Zhang, S. (2022). The mediating and moderating effect of organizational resilience on competitive advantage: evidence from Chinese companies. Sustainability, 14(21), 13797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113797
  168. Wang, Z., & Gagné, M. (2013). A Chinese–Canadian cross-cultural investigation of transformational leadership, autonomous motivation, and collectivistic value. Journal of leadership & organizational studies, 20(1), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812465895
  169. Watts, L. L., Ness, A. M., Steele, L. M., & Mumford, M. D. (2018). Learning from stories of leadership: How reading about personalized and socialized politicians impacts performance on an ethical decision-making simulation. The Leadership quarterly, 29(2), 276-294.
  170. Watts, L. L., Ness, A. M., Steele, L. M., & Mumford, M. D. (2018). Learning from stories of leadership: How reading about personalized and socialized politicians impacts performance on an ethical decision-making simulation. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(2), 276-294.
  171. Whiteley, P., Clarke, H. D., Sanders, D., & Stewart, M. (2016). Why do voters lose trust in governments? Public perceptions of government honesty and trustworthiness in Britain 2000–2013. The British journal of politics and international relations, 18(1), 234-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12073
  172. Wilson, J. Q. (1995). Political organizations (Vol. 46). Princeton University Press.
  173. Winston, M. G. (2008). Leadership development through thick and thin. Leader to leader, 2008(48), 8-13.
  174. Zachara, M. (2020). The Millennial generation in the context of political power: A leadership gap? Leadership, 16(2), 241-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715019885704
  175. Zafari, N. N., & Besar, J. A. (2023). Persepsi pengundi terhadap isu politik di kawasan DUN Muadzam Shah, Rompin, Pahang. Jurnal Wacana Sarjana, 7(2), 1-14.
  176. Zhu, W., May, Douglas. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2004). The impact of ethical leadership behavior on employee outcomes: The roles of psychological empowerment and authenticity. Journal of leadership & organizational studies, 11(1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190401100104
  177. Zijada, R. & Jasna, K. (2009). The leader-member exchange in teams of B & H companies. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Sarajevu br, 29, 89-104.
  178. Zoghby, J. C., Marshall, G., Hair Jr, J. F., & Williams, A. J. (2025). Introducing the diversity ecosystem: exploring the construct and its relationship to internal marketing and positive organizational outcomes. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 33(3), 501-517.