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August 28, 2024
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September 18, 2024
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Abstract
This study attempted to explore the preparation, perceptions, and problems of teachers about the introduction of sex education in Malaysian private kindergartens. Previous research has provided reassurance that educators have been crucial to the accomplishment of early childhood sexuality education initiatives. Many studies conducted locally and in Asia have shown that the execution of this program at the private kindergarten level remained unclear because of a lack of training and restricted access to materials related to sexuality. To bridge the gap, a study was carried out to learn about the preparation, perspective, and difficulties faced by Malaysian private kindergarten instructors when it comes to early sex education. As research participants, 102 qualified private kindergarten instructors from the Negeri Terengganu regions were chosen. Content analysis was employed to extract data from the survey questionnaire. Findings have revealed that the respondents showed that they are ready to implement sex education in their private kindergartens. The analysis has also expressed that teacher’s perception of sex education in the context of attitudes and knowledge is at a normal level. Besides that, the analysis also detected that private teachers’ kindergartens faced a few challenges in implementing sex education in their institutions. The results of this study should have consequences for improving the data that supports the present sex education programs in terms of teacher preparedness, perception, and improvement problems.
Keywords
Sex Education, Early Childhood Education, Teacher Readiness Sexual Abuse
Article Details
References
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Abdulahmeed, M. I. (2013). The effectiveness of a proposed program based on integrated educational modules to develop sex education for kindergarten children. Eur Sci J. 9(28), 283–96. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2013.v9n28p%25p
Acharya, A. S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P., & Nigam, A. (2013). Sampling: Why and how of it? Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 4(2), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2013.0032
Ademuyiwa, I. Y., Ayamolowo, S. J., Oshinyemi, T. E., & Oyeku, K. J. (2022). Knowledge and attitude of sex education among secondary school students in south-western Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Dialogues in Health, 2, 100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100085
Adogu, P., & Nwafulume, O. (2015). Knowledge, Attitude and Willingness to Teach Sexuality Education among Secondary School Teachers in Nnewi, Nigeria. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 7(3), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2015/15352
Alim, A., & Khalil, N. B. (2023). Importance of Sex Education for Children According to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 725–731. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-022-0_78
Allen, J., & Smith, J. L. (2011). The influence of sexuality stereotypes on men’s experience of gender-role incongruence. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(1), 77-96.
Ahmadian, M., Hamsan, H. H., Abdullah, H., Samah, A. A., & Noor, A. M. (2014). Risky sexual behavior among rural female adolescents in Malaysia: A limited role of protective factors. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(3), 165–174.
Babbie, E. (2010) The practice of social research. 12th Edition, Wadsworth, Belmont.
Bibina, P. A., Mathew, A. P., & Sundaramoorthy Jeyavel. (2023). Sex Education: School Teachers’ Attitude and Implementation in Wayanad District. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 5(2), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318231181685
Boehning, A. (2006). Sex Education for Students with Disabilities. Law & Disorder, 1, 59-66.
Chairilsyah, D. (2019). SEX EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INDONESIAN EARLY CHILDHOOD. International Journal of Educational Best Practices, 3(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijebp.v3n2.p41-51
Collins, J. (2021, May 4). A Definition of Research Instruments and Their Purpose in Obtaining Data from Research Subjects. Www.impactio.com. https://www.impactio.com/blog/a-definition-of-research-instruments-and-their-purpose-in-obtaining-data-from-research-subjects
Curtin, N., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. (2011). Femininity Ideology and Sexual Health in Young Women: A focus on Sexual Knowledge, Embodiment, and Agency. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2010.524694
Doull, M., Oliffe, J., Knight, R. & Shoveller, J. (2013). Sex and Straight Young Men. Men and Masculinities. 16. 329-346. 10.1177/1097184X13494837.
Economic, T. (2019). Malaysia - Percentage Of Enrolment In Pre-primary Education In Private Institutions - 2023 Data 2024 Forecast 1974-2019 Historical. Tradingeconomics.com. https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/percentage-of-enrolment-in-pre-primary-education-in-private-institutions-percent-wb-data.html
Eisenberg, M. E., Madsen, N., Oliphant, J. A., & Sieving, R. E. (2013). Barriers to providing the sexuality education that teachers believe students need. The Journal of school health, 83(5), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12036
Eshak, Z., & Zain , A. (2019, May 2). The importance of sexuality education to preschool children in Malaysia. Proceedings of ICSAI.org Conferences. https://icsai.org/proceedings/13iclehi-058-049/
Eshak, Z., & Zain, A. (2019). The readiness of preschool teachers in terms of the implementation of the peers at preschool program. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i7/6196
Fariduddin, M. N., & Siau, C. S. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude and Perceptions towards Basic Life Support Training among Student Teachers in a Malaysian University. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 30(2), 132–145. https://doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.295
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mcgraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
Finkelhor, D. (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children 4(2), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602522
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: a Guide for Non-Statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486–489. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Graziano , & Raulin. (2020). Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry (Eighth Edition). Allyn & Bacon Publishers, Inc. https://graziano-raulin.com/default.htm
Hunt, D. P. (2003). The concept of knowledge and how to measure it. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930310455414
Hyman, M., & Sierra, J. (2016, February). Open- versus close-ended survey questions. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282249876_Open-_versus_close-ended_survey_questions
Ihwani, S. S., Muhtar, A., Musa, N., Rashed, Z. N., Tamuri, A. H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2015). Attitudes of Islamic education teachers towards sex education.
Ionescu, C. E., Rusu, A. S., & Costea-Bărluțiu, C. (2019). Attitudes of Special Education teachers towards sexual education of students with intellectual disabilities: Effects of religiosity and professional experiences. Educatia 21, 17(17), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.24193/ed21.2019.17.10
Jas Laile Suzana Jaafar, (2005). Takat keagamaan (religiosity) dan motivasi sosisla seks sebelum nikah di kalangan remaja Melayu. Roziah Omar & Sivamurugan Pandian (Edt.), Malaysia Isu-Isu Sosial Semasa. Unit Penerbitan ISM: Kementerian Pembangunan, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Kuala Lumpur
Jaafar, A. & Lee, C. S. (2009) Reka bentuk dan pembangunan perisian kursus multimedia pendidikan seksualiti Malaysia (MSE). Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34 (2). pp. 125-142. ISSN 0126-6020 / 2180-0782
Jeannette, W. (2011). Sex Education, Communication, and Life Satisfaction in Adolescence. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329339798_SEX_EDUCATION_COMMUNICATION_AND_LIFE_SATISFACTION_IN_ADOLESCENCE
Landry, D. J., Darroch, J. E., Singh, S., & Higgins, J. (2003). Factors Associated with the Content of Sex Education In U.S. Public Secondary Schools. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-2393.2003.tb00179.x
Leung, H., Shek, D., Leung, E., & Shek, E. (2019). Development of Contextually-relevant Sexuality Education: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of Adolescent Sexuality Education Across Cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040621
Kohler, P. K., Manhart, L. E., & Lafferty, W. E. (2008). Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026
Kasonde, M. (2013). Perception of Teachers to Sexuality Education in Secondary Schools in Gaborone, Botswana. Stellenbosch University.
Keogh, S. C., Leong, E., Motta, A., Sidze, E., Monzón, A. S., & Amo-Adjei, J. (2020). Classroom implementation of national sexuality education curricula in four low- and middle-income countries. Sex Education, 21(4), 432–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1821180
Khalaf, Z. F., Low, W. Y., Merghati-Khoei, E., & Ghorbani, B. (2014). Sexuality Education in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 26(4), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513517258
Khalaf, F. Z., Liow, J. W., Low, W. Y., Ghorbani, B., & Merghati-Khoei, E. (2018). Young Women’s Experience of Sexuality: A Battle of Pleasure and Sexual Purity in the Context of Malaysian Society. Sexuality & Culture, 22(3), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9496-4
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
Lodz, A. N., Abd Mutalip, M. H., Fikri Mahmud, M. A., Awaluddin S, M., Yoep, N., Paiwai, F., Hazrin Hashim, M., Omar, M., Mohamad Kasim, N., & Ani Ahmad, N. (2019). Risky Sexual Behaviours among School-going Adolescent in Malaysia-Findings from National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.26502/jesph.96120059
Lee LK, Chen P, Lee K, et al. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: a crosssectional Malaysian school survey. Singapore medical journal 47 (2006): 476-481.
McGuire, B.E., & Bayley, A. (2011). Relationships, sexuality and decision-making capacity in people with an intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24, 398–402.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M., & Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability. Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3
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References
Abdulahmeed, M. I. (2013). The effectiveness of a proposed program based on integrated educational modules to develop sex education for kindergarten children. Eur Sci J. 9(28), 283–96. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2013.v9n28p%25p
Acharya, A. S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P., & Nigam, A. (2013). Sampling: Why and how of it? Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 4(2), 330–333. https://doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2013.0032
Ademuyiwa, I. Y., Ayamolowo, S. J., Oshinyemi, T. E., & Oyeku, K. J. (2022). Knowledge and attitude of sex education among secondary school students in south-western Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Dialogues in Health, 2, 100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100085
Adogu, P., & Nwafulume, O. (2015). Knowledge, Attitude and Willingness to Teach Sexuality Education among Secondary School Teachers in Nnewi, Nigeria. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 7(3), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2015/15352
Alim, A., & Khalil, N. B. (2023). Importance of Sex Education for Children According to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 725–731. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-022-0_78
Allen, J., & Smith, J. L. (2011). The influence of sexuality stereotypes on men’s experience of gender-role incongruence. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(1), 77-96.
Ahmadian, M., Hamsan, H. H., Abdullah, H., Samah, A. A., & Noor, A. M. (2014). Risky sexual behavior among rural female adolescents in Malaysia: A limited role of protective factors. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(3), 165–174.
Babbie, E. (2010) The practice of social research. 12th Edition, Wadsworth, Belmont.
Bibina, P. A., Mathew, A. P., & Sundaramoorthy Jeyavel. (2023). Sex Education: School Teachers’ Attitude and Implementation in Wayanad District. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 5(2), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318231181685
Boehning, A. (2006). Sex Education for Students with Disabilities. Law & Disorder, 1, 59-66.
Chairilsyah, D. (2019). SEX EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INDONESIAN EARLY CHILDHOOD. International Journal of Educational Best Practices, 3(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijebp.v3n2.p41-51
Collins, J. (2021, May 4). A Definition of Research Instruments and Their Purpose in Obtaining Data from Research Subjects. Www.impactio.com. https://www.impactio.com/blog/a-definition-of-research-instruments-and-their-purpose-in-obtaining-data-from-research-subjects
Curtin, N., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. (2011). Femininity Ideology and Sexual Health in Young Women: A focus on Sexual Knowledge, Embodiment, and Agency. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2010.524694
Doull, M., Oliffe, J., Knight, R. & Shoveller, J. (2013). Sex and Straight Young Men. Men and Masculinities. 16. 329-346. 10.1177/1097184X13494837.
Economic, T. (2019). Malaysia - Percentage Of Enrolment In Pre-primary Education In Private Institutions - 2023 Data 2024 Forecast 1974-2019 Historical. Tradingeconomics.com. https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/percentage-of-enrolment-in-pre-primary-education-in-private-institutions-percent-wb-data.html
Eisenberg, M. E., Madsen, N., Oliphant, J. A., & Sieving, R. E. (2013). Barriers to providing the sexuality education that teachers believe students need. The Journal of school health, 83(5), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12036
Eshak, Z., & Zain , A. (2019, May 2). The importance of sexuality education to preschool children in Malaysia. Proceedings of ICSAI.org Conferences. https://icsai.org/proceedings/13iclehi-058-049/
Eshak, Z., & Zain, A. (2019). The readiness of preschool teachers in terms of the implementation of the peers at preschool program. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i7/6196
Fariduddin, M. N., & Siau, C. S. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude and Perceptions towards Basic Life Support Training among Student Teachers in a Malaysian University. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 30(2), 132–145. https://doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.295
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. Mcgraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
Finkelhor, D. (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children 4(2), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602522
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: a Guide for Non-Statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486–489. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Graziano , & Raulin. (2020). Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry (Eighth Edition). Allyn & Bacon Publishers, Inc. https://graziano-raulin.com/default.htm
Hunt, D. P. (2003). The concept of knowledge and how to measure it. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930310455414
Hyman, M., & Sierra, J. (2016, February). Open- versus close-ended survey questions. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282249876_Open-_versus_close-ended_survey_questions
Ihwani, S. S., Muhtar, A., Musa, N., Rashed, Z. N., Tamuri, A. H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2015). Attitudes of Islamic education teachers towards sex education.
Ionescu, C. E., Rusu, A. S., & Costea-Bărluțiu, C. (2019). Attitudes of Special Education teachers towards sexual education of students with intellectual disabilities: Effects of religiosity and professional experiences. Educatia 21, 17(17), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.24193/ed21.2019.17.10
Jas Laile Suzana Jaafar, (2005). Takat keagamaan (religiosity) dan motivasi sosisla seks sebelum nikah di kalangan remaja Melayu. Roziah Omar & Sivamurugan Pandian (Edt.), Malaysia Isu-Isu Sosial Semasa. Unit Penerbitan ISM: Kementerian Pembangunan, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Kuala Lumpur
Jaafar, A. & Lee, C. S. (2009) Reka bentuk dan pembangunan perisian kursus multimedia pendidikan seksualiti Malaysia (MSE). Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34 (2). pp. 125-142. ISSN 0126-6020 / 2180-0782
Jeannette, W. (2011). Sex Education, Communication, and Life Satisfaction in Adolescence. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329339798_SEX_EDUCATION_COMMUNICATION_AND_LIFE_SATISFACTION_IN_ADOLESCENCE
Landry, D. J., Darroch, J. E., Singh, S., & Higgins, J. (2003). Factors Associated with the Content of Sex Education In U.S. Public Secondary Schools. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-2393.2003.tb00179.x
Leung, H., Shek, D., Leung, E., & Shek, E. (2019). Development of Contextually-relevant Sexuality Education: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of Adolescent Sexuality Education Across Cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040621
Kohler, P. K., Manhart, L. E., & Lafferty, W. E. (2008). Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.026
Kasonde, M. (2013). Perception of Teachers to Sexuality Education in Secondary Schools in Gaborone, Botswana. Stellenbosch University.
Keogh, S. C., Leong, E., Motta, A., Sidze, E., Monzón, A. S., & Amo-Adjei, J. (2020). Classroom implementation of national sexuality education curricula in four low- and middle-income countries. Sex Education, 21(4), 432–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1821180
Khalaf, Z. F., Low, W. Y., Merghati-Khoei, E., & Ghorbani, B. (2014). Sexuality Education in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 26(4), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513517258
Khalaf, F. Z., Liow, J. W., Low, W. Y., Ghorbani, B., & Merghati-Khoei, E. (2018). Young Women’s Experience of Sexuality: A Battle of Pleasure and Sexual Purity in the Context of Malaysian Society. Sexuality & Culture, 22(3), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9496-4
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
Lodz, A. N., Abd Mutalip, M. H., Fikri Mahmud, M. A., Awaluddin S, M., Yoep, N., Paiwai, F., Hazrin Hashim, M., Omar, M., Mohamad Kasim, N., & Ani Ahmad, N. (2019). Risky Sexual Behaviours among School-going Adolescent in Malaysia-Findings from National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.26502/jesph.96120059
Lee LK, Chen P, Lee K, et al. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: a crosssectional Malaysian school survey. Singapore medical journal 47 (2006): 476-481.
McGuire, B.E., & Bayley, A. (2011). Relationships, sexuality and decision-making capacity in people with an intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24, 398–402.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M., & Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability. Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3
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Nguyen Thi Ut, S., & Huynh Tan, H. (2020). Consequences of Neglecting Sex Education in Families and Schools. 2020 12th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers. https://doi.org/10.1145/3436756.3437050
Oktavianingsih, E., & Ayriza, Y. (2018). Teachers’ Knowledge and Belief for Educating Sexuality for Kindergarten Students. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(2), 307. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.19760
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Plaza-del-Pino, F. J., Soliani, I., Fernández-Sola, C., Molina-García, J. J., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Pomares-Callejón, M. Á., López-Entrambasaguas, O. M., & Ruiz-Fernández, M. D. (2021). Primary School Teachers’ Perspective of Sexual Education in Spain. A Qualitative Study. Healthcare, 9(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030287
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Razali, S., Ramli, A. F., Hanafia, S. S. & Penerbit Akademia Baru. (2017). Are Malaysians ready for comprehensive sexuality education? ResearchGate; unknown. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330750940_Are_Malaysians_ready_for_comprehensive_sexuality_education
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& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M.,
& Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and
Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability.
Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3.
Maia, A.C., Yamauti, V.L., Schiavo, R.A., Capellini, V.L.M., & Valle, T.G.M. (2015). Teacher opinions on sexuality and Sexual Education of students with intellectual disability. Estudes de psicologia (Campinas), Vol.32, no.3
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Nguyen Thi Ut, S., & Huynh Tan, H. (2020). Consequences of Neglecting Sex Education in Families and Schools. 2020 12th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers. https://doi.org/10.1145/3436756.3437050
Oktavianingsih, E., & Ayriza, Y. (2018). Teachers’ Knowledge and Belief for Educating Sexuality for Kindergarten Students. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(2), 307. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.19760
Onoyase, A. (2018). Teachers’ Attitude towards Teaching of Sexuality Education in Federal Government Colleges in Nigeria - Implications for Counselling. Higher Education Studies, 8(4), 162. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v8n4p162
Plaza-del-Pino, F. J., Soliani, I., Fernández-Sola, C., Molina-García, J. J., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Pomares-Callejón, M. Á., López-Entrambasaguas, O. M., & Ruiz-Fernández, M. D. (2021). Primary School Teachers’ Perspective of Sexual Education in Spain. A Qualitative Study. Healthcare, 9(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030287
Povilaitienė, N., & Radzevičienė, L. (2013). Parents’ and teachers’ attitude to family planning of adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities in the context of conceptions of gender and sexuality. Social Welfare: Interdisciplinary Approach, 3(2), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.15388/SW.2013.28232
Razali, S., Ramli, A. F., Hanafia, S. S. & Penerbit Akademia Baru. (2017). Are Malaysians ready for comprehensive sexuality education? ResearchGate; unknown. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330750940_Are_Malaysians_ready_for_comprehensive_sexuality_education
Sham, F., Atiqah, W., Zaidi, W., Zariq, N., Zahari, Danis, A., & Razali, S. (2020). Original Article Sexuality Means ''Sex": Opinions of Parents on Sexuality Education in Malaysia Corresponding Author. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(3), 3–1818. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/33_sham_original_13_3_2.pdf
Shi, J., Mo, X., & Sun, Z. (2012). Content Validity Index in Scale Development. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences, 37(2), 152–155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007
Syahirah Abdul Shukor, & Dina Imam Supaat. (2017). Legal appraisal of sex education in Malaysian schools. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 3(8), 21-31.
Snyder, H. N. (2000, July). Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics. A NIBRS Statistical Report. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf
Talib, J., Mamat, M., Ibrahim, M., & Mohamad, Z. (2012). Analysis on Sex Education in Schools Across Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.284
Wahab, N. A. & Mat Nor, M. F. (2018). Sexual Offences against Children Act 2017: an improvement of the legislation on sexual offences against children in Malaysia. Journal of Muwafaqat, 1(1), 37-55.
Welbourne-Moglia, A., & Moglia, R. J. (1989). Sexuality Education in the United States: What It Is; What It Is Meant to Be. Theory Into Practice, 28(3), 159–164. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1476619
World Health Organization. (2022). Redefining sexual health for benefits throughout life. Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-02-2022-redefining-sexual-health-for-benefits-throughout-life
World Health Organization. (2023, May 18). Comprehensive sexuality education. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/comprehensive-sexuality-education
Chua, Y. P. (2016). Mastering research methods. Mcgraw-Hill (Malaysia.)
Yafie, E. (2017). Peran orangtua dalam memberikan pendidikan seksual anak usia dini. Jurnal CARE (Children Advisory Research and Education), 4(2), 18–30. http://ejournal.unipma.ac.id/index.php/JPAUD/article/view/956/0
Yeong, L., Ling, Y., Ibrahim, A., & Jing, V. (2021). But not as detailed as including teaching the private part: Malaysian preschool teachers’ understanding on the implementation of sexuality education in preschools. Southeast Asia Early Childhood Journal (Special Issue), 10, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol10.sp.4.2021