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August 27, 2024
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February 29, 2024
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Abstract
Nowadays, the situation of children with gadgets can be considered as a common things around the world. However, dependence on gadgets from a young age has many negative effects, especially in the aspect of social interaction growth. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the use of gadgets and the development of social interaction in five years old children in workplace kindergarten, Kuantan. In this study, a questionnaire by "google form" was distributed to parents of children at workplace kindergarten around Kuantan. In this case study, the method used is quantitative and questionnaire instruments. The number of samples is 66 respondents which is consists of five years old parents. The results of the study show that the frequency of gadget use among five years old children around Kuantan is at a moderate level. Furthermore, the results of the coefficients value for the frequency of gadget use and children's social interaction skills are equal to 0.266. This proves that the frequency of gadget use also affects children's social interaction skills on a low scale. As conclusion, the development of social interaction is also influenced by the use of gadgets in children's daily lives. Therefore, parents should monitor their children's use of gadgets so that the development of their social interactions is more guaranteed.
Keywords
Social Interaction, Early Childhood Education, Gadget Usage
Article Details
References
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Abdul Hadi, A., Roslan, S. R., Mohammad Aidid, E., Abdullah, N., & Musa, R. (2022). Development and Validation of a New Gadget Addiction Scale (Screen Dependency Scale) among Pre-School Children in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416916
Ali, R. F., & Agustina, A. (2021). Gadget phenomenon: the effect toward language disorders and social interaction of early childhood. Journal of Cultura and Lingua, 2(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.37301/culingua.v2i2.47
Ibrahim, A., Samsudin, M. A., Wahid, N. F. A., & Yue, S. B. (2023). Implikasi Gajet terhadap perkembangan sosial dalam pendidikan awal Kanak-Kanak. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374631097_Implikasi_Gajet_Terhadap_Perkembangan_Sosial_Dalam_Pendidikan_Awal_Kanak-Kanak
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, April 24). To grow up healthy, children need to sit less and play more. Academic Rigour, Journalistic Flair. https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2019-to-grow-up-healthy-children-need-to-sit-less-and-play-more
Ng, H. Y., Surat, S., & Rahman, S. (2023). Pengaruh ketagihan internet: perubahan tingkah laku murid sekolah rendah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(5), e002340. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i5.2340
Makantal, J. B. (2020, October 27). Corak Interaksi Sosial Kanak-Kanak Dengan Rakan Sebaya Semasa Main Bebas Di Prasekolah. https://mojc.um.edu.my/index.php/JUKU/article/view/26840
Husin, F.N.C., Yasin, M.H.M., & Surat, S. (2021, April 01). Gaya Keibubapaan Dan Ketagihan Penggunaan Peranti Teknologi Digital Kanak-Kanak Bermasalah Pembelajaran. (2021). Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Dan Teknologi Malaysia (JPPTM), 1(1). https://www.jppt.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5-1.pdf
Saidi, M. Z. I. (2019). Pendekatan Kuantitatif dalam Penggunaan R. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337593143_Pendekatan_Kuantitatif_dalam_Penggunaan_R
Jalil, H.J.A., Bakar, N.A., & Hassan, J. (2020). Pengawalan Ibu Bapa Berkerjaya Terhadap Penggunaan Gajet Dalam Kalangan Kanak-Kanak: Satu Kajian Kes https://www.ukm.my/bicaradakwah/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BD21-6.pdf
Fisch, S. M. (2004). Children's learning from educational television: Sesame Street and beyond. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fitriahadi, E. F. E., & Tyastiti, V. H. (2020). The impacts of the use of gadgets on the development of children 3-6 years of age. Seajom: The Southeast Asia Journal of Midwifery, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36749/seajom.v6i1.83
Hidayati, N., & Zaman, B. (2021). Is it Necessary to Ban Gadget in Early Childhood?: 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020), Bandung, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.057
Itsna, N. M., & Rofi’ah, R. (2021). Dampak Penggunaan Gadget pada Interaksi Sosial Anak Usia Dini. Ummul Qura: Jurnal Institut Pesantren Sunan Drajat (INSUD) Lamongan, 16(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.55352/uq.v16i1.254
Keumala, M., Yoestara, M., & Putri, Z. (2019). The impacts of gadget and internet on the implementation of character education on early childhood. International Conference on Early Childhood Education, 0, Article 0.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
Mahmood, F. (2022). Kesan Negatif Penggunaan Gajet Kepada Anak: Cara Atasi Masalah. https://www.ikma.edu.my/images/dokumen/penerbitan/demensi/demensi-koop-70/Dimensi-KOOP-Bil-70-13.pdf
Marifah, A., & Suryantini, N. P. (2019). Reduce the use of gadgets: Parent’s coping strategies for children’s social development. International Journal of Nursing And Midwifery Science (IJNMS), 3(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.29082/IJNMS/2019/Vol3/Iss3/239
Mat, H., & Zain, A. (2022). The effects of gadget use on children during teaching and learning in new norms. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI, 15, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.37134/bitara.vol15.sp.4.2022
Nahar, N., Sangi, S., Baniear Salvam, D. A., Rosli, N., & Abdullah, A. H. (2018). IMPAK negatif teknologi moden dalam kehidupan dan perkembangan kanak-kanak hingga usia remaja (negative impact of modern technology to the children’s life and their development). UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2018.5n1.181
Ng, H. Y., Surat, S. & Saemah (2023) Pengaruh ketagihan internet: perubahan tingkah laku murid sekolah rendah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 8(5), e002340. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i
Putri, V. M., & Eliza, D. (2021). The Impact of Gadget Use on the Aspects of Early Childhood Language Development during Covid-19. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Early Childhood Education, 3(1), 01–07. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiece.v3i1.414
Razak, A. A., Wan Khairuldin, W. M. K. F., Md. Reshad, H. F., Mat@Mohamad, M. Z. B., & Anas, W. N. I. W. N. (2021). Gadget Addiction Factors in Malaysia: A Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2), Pages 151-156. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i2/8650
Samsuddin, A. R., & Md Yusof, H. (2020). Penggunaan gajet terhadap perkembangan kanak-kanak prasekolah: Gadget usage on the development of preschool children. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak Kebangsaan, 9, 113–126. Retrieved from https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPAK/article/view/4543.
Sari, D. N. (2020). An Analysis of the Impact of the Use of Gadget on Children’s Language and Social Development. Proceedings of the International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2019). International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2019), Padang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200715.041
Setiani, D. (2020). The Effect of Gadget Usage on the Social Development of Children Aged 3-5 Years: Literature Review. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 9(2), 1732–1739. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.526
Srinahyanti, S., Wau, Y., Manurung, I., & Arjani, N. (2019). Influence of Gadget: A Positive and Negative Impact of Smartphone Usage for Early Child. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education (ACEIVE 2018), 3rd November 2018, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education (ACEIVE 2018), 3rd November 2018, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-11-2018.2285692
Suherman, R. N., Saidah, Q., Nurhayati, C., Susanto, T., & Huda, N. (2021). The Relationship Between Parenting Style and Gadget Addiction Among Preschoolers.
Wahyuni, A. S., Siahaan, F. B., Arfa, M., Alona, I., & Nerdy, N. (2019). The Relationship between the Duration of Playing Gadget and Mental Emotional State of Elementary School Students. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.037
Zain, Z. M., Jasmani, F. N. N., Haris, N. H., & Nurudin, S. M. (2022). Gadgets and Their Impact on Child Development. Proceedings, 82(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022082006
References
Abdul Hadi, A., Roslan, S. R., Mohammad Aidid, E., Abdullah, N., & Musa, R. (2022). Development and Validation of a New Gadget Addiction Scale (Screen Dependency Scale) among Pre-School Children in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416916
Ali, R. F., & Agustina, A. (2021). Gadget phenomenon: the effect toward language disorders and social interaction of early childhood. Journal of Cultura and Lingua, 2(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.37301/culingua.v2i2.47
Ibrahim, A., Samsudin, M. A., Wahid, N. F. A., & Yue, S. B. (2023). Implikasi Gajet terhadap perkembangan sosial dalam pendidikan awal Kanak-Kanak. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374631097_Implikasi_Gajet_Terhadap_Perkembangan_Sosial_Dalam_Pendidikan_Awal_Kanak-Kanak
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, April 24). To grow up healthy, children need to sit less and play more. Academic Rigour, Journalistic Flair. https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2019-to-grow-up-healthy-children-need-to-sit-less-and-play-more
Ng, H. Y., Surat, S., & Rahman, S. (2023). Pengaruh ketagihan internet: perubahan tingkah laku murid sekolah rendah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(5), e002340. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i5.2340
Makantal, J. B. (2020, October 27). Corak Interaksi Sosial Kanak-Kanak Dengan Rakan Sebaya Semasa Main Bebas Di Prasekolah. https://mojc.um.edu.my/index.php/JUKU/article/view/26840
Husin, F.N.C., Yasin, M.H.M., & Surat, S. (2021, April 01). Gaya Keibubapaan Dan Ketagihan Penggunaan Peranti Teknologi Digital Kanak-Kanak Bermasalah Pembelajaran. (2021). Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Dan Teknologi Malaysia (JPPTM), 1(1). https://www.jppt.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5-1.pdf
Saidi, M. Z. I. (2019). Pendekatan Kuantitatif dalam Penggunaan R. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337593143_Pendekatan_Kuantitatif_dalam_Penggunaan_R
Jalil, H.J.A., Bakar, N.A., & Hassan, J. (2020). Pengawalan Ibu Bapa Berkerjaya Terhadap Penggunaan Gajet Dalam Kalangan Kanak-Kanak: Satu Kajian Kes https://www.ukm.my/bicaradakwah/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BD21-6.pdf
Fisch, S. M. (2004). Children's learning from educational television: Sesame Street and beyond. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fitriahadi, E. F. E., & Tyastiti, V. H. (2020). The impacts of the use of gadgets on the development of children 3-6 years of age. Seajom: The Southeast Asia Journal of Midwifery, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36749/seajom.v6i1.83
Hidayati, N., & Zaman, B. (2021). Is it Necessary to Ban Gadget in Early Childhood?: 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020), Bandung, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.057
Itsna, N. M., & Rofi’ah, R. (2021). Dampak Penggunaan Gadget pada Interaksi Sosial Anak Usia Dini. Ummul Qura: Jurnal Institut Pesantren Sunan Drajat (INSUD) Lamongan, 16(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.55352/uq.v16i1.254
Keumala, M., Yoestara, M., & Putri, Z. (2019). The impacts of gadget and internet on the implementation of character education on early childhood. International Conference on Early Childhood Education, 0, Article 0.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
Mahmood, F. (2022). Kesan Negatif Penggunaan Gajet Kepada Anak: Cara Atasi Masalah. https://www.ikma.edu.my/images/dokumen/penerbitan/demensi/demensi-koop-70/Dimensi-KOOP-Bil-70-13.pdf
Marifah, A., & Suryantini, N. P. (2019). Reduce the use of gadgets: Parent’s coping strategies for children’s social development. International Journal of Nursing And Midwifery Science (IJNMS), 3(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.29082/IJNMS/2019/Vol3/Iss3/239
Mat, H., & Zain, A. (2022). The effects of gadget use on children during teaching and learning in new norms. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI, 15, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.37134/bitara.vol15.sp.4.2022
Nahar, N., Sangi, S., Baniear Salvam, D. A., Rosli, N., & Abdullah, A. H. (2018). IMPAK negatif teknologi moden dalam kehidupan dan perkembangan kanak-kanak hingga usia remaja (negative impact of modern technology to the children’s life and their development). UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2018.5n1.181
Ng, H. Y., Surat, S. & Saemah (2023) Pengaruh ketagihan internet: perubahan tingkah laku murid sekolah rendah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 8(5), e002340. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i
Putri, V. M., & Eliza, D. (2021). The Impact of Gadget Use on the Aspects of Early Childhood Language Development during Covid-19. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Early Childhood Education, 3(1), 01–07. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiece.v3i1.414
Razak, A. A., Wan Khairuldin, W. M. K. F., Md. Reshad, H. F., Mat@Mohamad, M. Z. B., & Anas, W. N. I. W. N. (2021). Gadget Addiction Factors in Malaysia: A Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2), Pages 151-156. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i2/8650
Samsuddin, A. R., & Md Yusof, H. (2020). Penggunaan gajet terhadap perkembangan kanak-kanak prasekolah: Gadget usage on the development of preschool children. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak Kebangsaan, 9, 113–126. Retrieved from https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPAK/article/view/4543.
Sari, D. N. (2020). An Analysis of the Impact of the Use of Gadget on Children’s Language and Social Development. Proceedings of the International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2019). International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2019), Padang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200715.041
Setiani, D. (2020). The Effect of Gadget Usage on the Social Development of Children Aged 3-5 Years: Literature Review. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 9(2), 1732–1739. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.526
Srinahyanti, S., Wau, Y., Manurung, I., & Arjani, N. (2019). Influence of Gadget: A Positive and Negative Impact of Smartphone Usage for Early Child. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education (ACEIVE 2018), 3rd November 2018, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education (ACEIVE 2018), 3rd November 2018, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-11-2018.2285692
Suherman, R. N., Saidah, Q., Nurhayati, C., Susanto, T., & Huda, N. (2021). The Relationship Between Parenting Style and Gadget Addiction Among Preschoolers.
Wahyuni, A. S., Siahaan, F. B., Arfa, M., Alona, I., & Nerdy, N. (2019). The Relationship between the Duration of Playing Gadget and Mental Emotional State of Elementary School Students. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.037
Zain, Z. M., Jasmani, F. N. N., Haris, N. H., & Nurudin, S. M. (2022). Gadgets and Their Impact on Child Development. Proceedings, 82(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022082006
Ali, R. F., & Agustina, A. (2021). Gadget phenomenon: the effect toward language disorders and social interaction of early childhood. Journal of Cultura and Lingua, 2(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.37301/culingua.v2i2.47
Ibrahim, A., Samsudin, M. A., Wahid, N. F. A., & Yue, S. B. (2023). Implikasi Gajet terhadap perkembangan sosial dalam pendidikan awal Kanak-Kanak. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374631097_Implikasi_Gajet_Terhadap_Perkembangan_Sosial_Dalam_Pendidikan_Awal_Kanak-Kanak
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, April 24). To grow up healthy, children need to sit less and play more. Academic Rigour, Journalistic Flair. https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2019-to-grow-up-healthy-children-need-to-sit-less-and-play-more
Ng, H. Y., Surat, S., & Rahman, S. (2023). Pengaruh ketagihan internet: perubahan tingkah laku murid sekolah rendah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(5), e002340. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i5.2340
Makantal, J. B. (2020, October 27). Corak Interaksi Sosial Kanak-Kanak Dengan Rakan Sebaya Semasa Main Bebas Di Prasekolah. https://mojc.um.edu.my/index.php/JUKU/article/view/26840
Husin, F.N.C., Yasin, M.H.M., & Surat, S. (2021, April 01). Gaya Keibubapaan Dan Ketagihan Penggunaan Peranti Teknologi Digital Kanak-Kanak Bermasalah Pembelajaran. (2021). Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan Dan Teknologi Malaysia (JPPTM), 1(1). https://www.jppt.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5-1.pdf
Saidi, M. Z. I. (2019). Pendekatan Kuantitatif dalam Penggunaan R. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337593143_Pendekatan_Kuantitatif_dalam_Penggunaan_R
Jalil, H.J.A., Bakar, N.A., & Hassan, J. (2020). Pengawalan Ibu Bapa Berkerjaya Terhadap Penggunaan Gajet Dalam Kalangan Kanak-Kanak: Satu Kajian Kes https://www.ukm.my/bicaradakwah/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/BD21-6.pdf
Fisch, S. M. (2004). Children's learning from educational television: Sesame Street and beyond. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fitriahadi, E. F. E., & Tyastiti, V. H. (2020). The impacts of the use of gadgets on the development of children 3-6 years of age. Seajom: The Southeast Asia Journal of Midwifery, 6(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36749/seajom.v6i1.83
Hidayati, N., & Zaman, B. (2021). Is it Necessary to Ban Gadget in Early Childhood?: 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020), Bandung, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.057
Itsna, N. M., & Rofi’ah, R. (2021). Dampak Penggunaan Gadget pada Interaksi Sosial Anak Usia Dini. Ummul Qura: Jurnal Institut Pesantren Sunan Drajat (INSUD) Lamongan, 16(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.55352/uq.v16i1.254
Keumala, M., Yoestara, M., & Putri, Z. (2019). The impacts of gadget and internet on the implementation of character education on early childhood. International Conference on Early Childhood Education, 0, Article 0.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
Mahmood, F. (2022). Kesan Negatif Penggunaan Gajet Kepada Anak: Cara Atasi Masalah. https://www.ikma.edu.my/images/dokumen/penerbitan/demensi/demensi-koop-70/Dimensi-KOOP-Bil-70-13.pdf
Marifah, A., & Suryantini, N. P. (2019). Reduce the use of gadgets: Parent’s coping strategies for children’s social development. International Journal of Nursing And Midwifery Science (IJNMS), 3(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.29082/IJNMS/2019/Vol3/Iss3/239
Mat, H., & Zain, A. (2022). The effects of gadget use on children during teaching and learning in new norms. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI, 15, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.37134/bitara.vol15.sp.4.2022
Nahar, N., Sangi, S., Baniear Salvam, D. A., Rosli, N., & Abdullah, A. H. (2018). IMPAK negatif teknologi moden dalam kehidupan dan perkembangan kanak-kanak hingga usia remaja (negative impact of modern technology to the children’s life and their development). UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2018.5n1.181
Ng, H. Y., Surat, S. & Saemah (2023) Pengaruh ketagihan internet: perubahan tingkah laku murid sekolah rendah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 8(5), e002340. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v8i
Putri, V. M., & Eliza, D. (2021). The Impact of Gadget Use on the Aspects of Early Childhood Language Development during Covid-19. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Early Childhood Education, 3(1), 01–07. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiece.v3i1.414
Razak, A. A., Wan Khairuldin, W. M. K. F., Md. Reshad, H. F., Mat@Mohamad, M. Z. B., & Anas, W. N. I. W. N. (2021). Gadget Addiction Factors in Malaysia: A Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2), Pages 151-156. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i2/8650
Samsuddin, A. R., & Md Yusof, H. (2020). Penggunaan gajet terhadap perkembangan kanak-kanak prasekolah: Gadget usage on the development of preschool children. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak Kebangsaan, 9, 113–126. Retrieved from https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPAK/article/view/4543.
Sari, D. N. (2020). An Analysis of the Impact of the Use of Gadget on Children’s Language and Social Development. Proceedings of the International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2019). International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2019), Padang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200715.041
Setiani, D. (2020). The Effect of Gadget Usage on the Social Development of Children Aged 3-5 Years: Literature Review. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 9(2), 1732–1739. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i2.526
Srinahyanti, S., Wau, Y., Manurung, I., & Arjani, N. (2019). Influence of Gadget: A Positive and Negative Impact of Smartphone Usage for Early Child. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education (ACEIVE 2018), 3rd November 2018, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education (ACEIVE 2018), 3rd November 2018, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-11-2018.2285692
Suherman, R. N., Saidah, Q., Nurhayati, C., Susanto, T., & Huda, N. (2021). The Relationship Between Parenting Style and Gadget Addiction Among Preschoolers.
Wahyuni, A. S., Siahaan, F. B., Arfa, M., Alona, I., & Nerdy, N. (2019). The Relationship between the Duration of Playing Gadget and Mental Emotional State of Elementary School Students. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.037
Zain, Z. M., Jasmani, F. N. N., Haris, N. H., & Nurudin, S. M. (2022). Gadgets and Their Impact on Child Development. Proceedings, 82(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022082006