Decomposition English and Mandailing Prefixes: A Contrastive Study

Received April 28, 2021 Revised July 27, 2021 Accepted August 28, 2021 This study deals with the decomposition analysis of prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal Language. The purpose is to find out the similarities and differences of prefixes in both languages. The data of this research were obtained by conducting library research and field research. The data were analyzed and compared to find out the similarities and differences. The findings indicated that there are some of them only found in one language. There are types of the prefix in English (e.g., un-, hyper-, under-, in-, mis-, super-, over-, pre-, inter-). In Mandailing Natal Language, there is the prefix (e.g., ma-, pa-, tar-, tarpa-, saand sasa-, um-). Both English and Mandailing Natal language can be found prefixes which are used to indicate a positive degree that is not found in English. There are some similarities and differences between prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal language.


Introducation
Language is the core mean of communication, and all human beings use language to interact with other members of the same community. According to Finch (1998), language has defined two functions, as a micro function: for the realist nerve or physical energy/psychological function, for phatic function/socialization purposes, recording function/to provide notes, identification function/to identify and classify things, the function of reasoning/as an instrument of thought, communication function/as a means of communication of ideas and function of pleasure/feelings, giving joy, and next as a macro function: ideational functions, interpersonal functions, poetic function, textual function. There are two kinds of language, namely written and spoken language. Besides, there is also a body language used to convey meaning through a gesture, eye contact, and facial expression. Besides, the expression as a vehicle for the exchange of thoughts, concepts, knowledge, and information as well as the regulation and transmission of experiences and knowledge, this understanding sees and are based on language only as a cognitive process, subject to social factors and subject to change, and historical development (Batubara, 2020). Indeed, Gellner (1983); Walter (1988); Anderson (1991) ;Wright (2004; stated language as a system and nation-building.
Indonesia, as a developing country, uses Indonesian as the official language. Besides that, the foreign language and the regional language are also developed to enrich Indonesian itself. English language, one of the foreign languages that are the most widely used language, has led the Indonesian educational authorities to include it as an obligatory subject in school from elementary to university level. On the other hand, there are also regional languages that support the national language, such as the Mandailing language spoken by Mandailing people, especially those who live in Mandailing Natal regency.
In essence, of all the languages mentioned above, we can find similarities and differences between them if we examine them more deeply. Following the theory of language stated by the foremost expert, this is mentioned in some natures of language, including universal, arbitrary, and unique. According to Martinet (1987), language has some characteristics; one of those characteristics is that languages are similar. Although they are similar, one should realize that no two languages are the same. For example, in English and Mandailing Natal language, some differences exist between them, such as phonological, lexical, and grammatical, which are community regarded as the cause of learners' difficulties. However, there are some similarities between them in order in grammatical function, such as prefixes. In English and tribe language, each of them has its own system of word formation and has multiple meanings related to prefixes. Quoted Sapir (1921);Bauer (1983;2003b;; Trask (1993); Adams (2001); Katamba and Stonham (2006); Kridalaksana (2008); Hamawand (2011) mentioned prefixes were affixing that added in front of the root word.
With the explanation above, this study would like to present and compare prefixes in both two languages. According to James (1980:3); Richard & Sehmidt (2002), the contrastive analysis compared two languages, for example, the sound system or the grammatical system. On the other side, Kridalaksana (2008:135) says that contrastive analysis in such an analysis was conducted to determine the differences and similarities of sound in different languages. Furthermore, this study will compare the word-formation, especially prefixes formulation between English and Mandailing Natal Languages. For this reason, to find the similarities and differences between them in the case of prefixes.
Broader understanding, Marchand (1969), whose approach is encyclopedic and historical, gives individual descriptions for 146 affixes in English 65 prefixes and 81 suffixes. Adams (2001)  suffixes heavily outnumber prefixes in English derivational morphology. In the numbers mentioned above, prefixes are out the number, but not heavily. The answer to this discrepancy lies in the frequency of use, which is higher for suffixes. So far, in describing individual affixes, Plag (1999;2003:86-100;) deals with 41 suffixes and only eight prefixes.

Mandailing Natal Language Prefixes
Mandailingnes or now standard Mandailing has been variously spelled as Mengdelling, Mandahiling, Mandheling, Mendeheleng, Mandiling, Mandaling, Mendeleng, Mandailing Natal, etcetera (Mangaradja Ihoetan, 1926;Lubis, 2003). The Mandailing historically see themselves as a distinct and separate ethnic group in Indonesia. Mandailing language is widely spoken in the southern part of North Sumatra, especially in Mandailing Natal district called Madailing Godang. Although, according to Lubis (1998:1), in general, in the southern part of Tapanuli, there are two groups of people who depict that all South Tapanuli people (original ethnic) are considered Mandailing people. However, there is no doubt that some of them are also Angkola people, even though the Mandailing people themselves never considered or equated the Angkola people with the Mandailing people. In language, cultural customs have similarities, but there are still differences that need not be contested. Mandailing Natal culture is patriarchal, employing clan (marga), such as Lubis, Nasution, Parinduri, Batubara, Matondang, Daulae/y, and Hasibuan, Pulungan, Harahap, Rangkuti, Rambe.
In the book Comparative Languages has mentioned from the language family, Mandailing language is a region of the Western Austronesian family called the languages of Hesperanesia or Nusantara languages, the island languages Sumatra and its surroundings, in this region of existence Mandailing language (Mees, 1967). From its history based on Sahron Lubis, the Mandailing language is also influenced by the Minang language and Indonesian or Malay. Words such as godang 'big ', kecek 'story', sirit 'dirt', etek 'aunt', mamak 'uncle', etc. are believed to have originated from the Minang language and words such ari 'day', hata' word', lambok 'soft', sikola 'school', sonang 'happy' others are thought to be from Indonesian (Lubis, 2009: 91).
Furthermore, Nasution (2005:14) said that speakers of Mandailing in daily conversation were divided into, 1) Hata na biaso, this language is used as an everyday language used in communication in the Mandailing community. 2) Hata andoeng di hatiha siloeloeton, this language is used in events or ceremonies of death and is also used by a girl when she says parting words in front of her parents when she is married to a man who will be her husband. 3) Hata si baso hatiha ni hadatoean, this language is usually used by village shamans when he encounters situations or events "possessed" by community members. 4) Hata teas dohot djampolak di hatiha parbadaan, this language is used as a language of advice or calm, especially on things or bad events such as fighting or commotion between members of the community. 5) Hata parkapoer hatiha di harangan, This language is used when someone is in the forest; in the past, this language was used by the Mandailing people who went to the forest to make a living.

Method
This research was conducted by using the descriptive method with a qualitative approach. According to Borg and Gall (1983: 354), a descriptive method is primarily concern with finding out "what is it". Description of "what is it" can be conducted by comparing and contrasting to discover the relationship between existing nonmanipulated variables. Qualitative studies are those in which the description of observation is not ordinally expressed in qualitative terms (Best, 1981: 12). It is not suggested that numerical measures are never used, but other means of description are emphasized. Simultaneously, Bogdan and Biklen (1992) declare that the qualitative approach is a direct source of data and the researchers as the principal instrument.
Based on the quotation above, the differences and similarities of prefixes both in English and Mandailing Natal languages have been done by comparing and contrasting the differences and similarities between them. The data of this research were prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal language. The data that were taken were focused on the form and meaning in both English and Mandailing language. The documentary technique was used to collect the data. The documentary technique means "read all the references". The require informative information was collected by reading and studying some references relate to the study.
The data were analyzed using contrastive analysis because it aims to find the similarities and differences between them. In carrying out the contrastive analysis, procedures were implemented: (1) Identifying the prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal language based on the types and meaning, (2) Determining the prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal Language, (3) Classifying the prefixes in both languages, (4) Contrasting the prefixes between English and Mandailing Natal language, (5) Finding out the differences and similarities between prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal language.

English Prefixes
According to Longman (1965:163), prefix consists of one or more syllables such as un-, pre-, super-, that are added to the beginning of a word or the basic part of the word (stem) to add to change is meaning. While, Katamba and Stonham (2006: 45); Lexico (2020) states a prefix is an affix attached before a root, base, or stems, like in-, re-, and un-and. While Jackson (2002: 77) holds that derivational morphemes (prefixes and suffixes) have the function of creating new words, whose meaning may in time develop away from that of the roots from which they are derived. In research White, Sowell, & Yanagihara (1999); Raffelsiefen (1999) record lists the most common English prefixes: anti-, de-, dis-, en-, fore-, il-, in-, inter-, mid-, mis-, non-, over-, pre-, re-, semi-, sub-, super-, trans-, un-, under-. Horby (1995: 909) emphasizes that the prefix is a or ground of letter inserted to the front of a word to amend its meaning. In short, it can be stated that all the affixes which appear before the words are called prefix. Take some examples, such as un-in unhappy, in-in immortal, il-in illegal. In this study, the writer only takes some prefixes that are commonly heard, such as mis-, pre-, in-, un-, hyper-, under-, super-, over-, inter-. This means that the prefix is derivational.

Prefix (un-)
Prefix (un-) means "not" appositive of. This prefix is attached to adjective/noun and Verb into an adjective.
Noun and Verb, it can be formulated as:

Un-+ Adj = Adj
Un-+ Real The prefix in-can be attached to Adjective into Adjective this prefix can be formulated as: In-(il) + Adj = Adj In-(il) + Legal = Ilegal

Prefix (inter-) Prefix (inter-) denotes "between" of what is indicated in the base form.
This prefix can be attached to the Verb and Noun into Verb/Noun.
Prefix inter-can be formulated as: Inter-+ Verb = Verb Inter-+ act = Interact Inter-+ Adjective = Adjective Inter-+ Marriege = Intermarriage Example in sentences: 1. Many people have an unreal expectation of what marriage will be like.
2. My daughter is a hyperactive child.
3. The parking area is standing at underground.

4.
Impossible for me to be there before night.

5.
He misunderstands her teacher about the meaning of the sentence.
6. She went to the supermarket last night.
7. We stayed overnight in French after the theatre.
8. The content of the book review is talking about prehistoric.
9. The teacher has a limited amount of time to interact with each child.

Prefix ma-
Prefix ma-has some allomorphs depending on the sound of the base form it is attached. They are man-, mam-, manga-, many-, and mar-. The meaning of these prefixes is "process of", the following are some examples of the prefix ma-when it is attached or added to the base form.

The Similarities of Prefixes in English and Mandailing Languages
The findings of the similarities of prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal languages can be seen in the

The Differences of Prefixes in English and Mandailing Languages
While the differences of prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal languages can be read in the table presented below:

Discussion
After analyzing the data, this study findings indicate some differences and similarities in the morphological process of the prefix in English and Mandailing Natal language. Based on the table: 1, here are some similar meanings of prefix both in English and Mandailing Natal language, such as prefix, which is based on the type and based on the meaning. It is known that the similarities can be seen that there is the same way in arranging the word in both languages as in base on the type, e.g. (In (il) + Legal = Illegal and Ma + Jahit = Manjahit) and base on the meaning, e.g. (Bi + lingual = Bilingual and Sa + Botol = Sabotol). Meanwhile, there are also differences way between English and Mandailing Natal language in arranging words by giving prefix. The example is seen from the table: 2. differences of prefixes. The conclusion was drawn as follows: (1) There are some meanings of the prefix that can be found in one language but cannot found in the other, (2) There is a difference in the distribution of prefixes between English and Mandailing Natal language. For example: in English, there is a prefix which is used to indicate negative meaning which cannot found in Mandailing Natal language; in English, there is a prefix which is used to the pejorative meaning which cannot found in Mandailing Natal language. In Mandailing Natal language, there is a prefix used to form a positive degree that cannot be found in English.

Conclusion
This study's conclusion is about the implication of the findings' purposes for helping people interested in language study, specifically Mandailing Natal language. In hope, the process of prefixes should be taught through similar items first before the difference presented in the last. Thus it eases in the learning and designing the form of that languages in their mind. As a result, they can master the language as soon as possible. In further, it is hoped that these findings will be beneficial for linguists, especially in developing linguistics in the future.